POSC 200 Exam 2 Rutherford JMU

International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)

- won Nobel peace prize in Oct. 1997 (coalition of orgs.)

- handicap international

- mines advisory group

- human rights watch

Legal Definition of Landmines

explosive device that can be set off by the innocent act of a civilian

3 Unlawful weapons & means of attack legal rules

1. Indiscriminate weapons & means of attack (targets anyone) (landmines)

2. Disproportionality (bomb building w/ 1 child vs. 1k soldiers)

3. Unnecessary suffering

1. weapons that cause unnecessary suffering or superfluous injury are illegal

2. weapons that are indiscriminate are illegal

3. disproportionate attacks are illegal

1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons - Landmine Protocol

Protocol I - banned bullets that can't be ID'd by x-ray (non-detectable fragments)

Protocol II - restricted use of mines & booby traps (must be mapped, marked w/ signs)

Protocol III - banned incendiary devices (flamethrowers)

What weapons have killed more people than chemical/biological weapons?

Landmines

What protocol banned landmines?

Protocol II

What vegetable does a cluster munition resemble?

Green peas

Main humanitarian problem w/ use of cluster munition:

High percentage rate of failure to explode, leaves unexploded munition for civilians & children to find

Fatal footprint

Target area where unexploded munitions are

Boomerang effect

American weapons being found by enemy & then being used against Americans (Iraqis using U.S. weapons against Americans)

The poor & cluster munitions

Most exposed to cluster munitions & unexploded munitions because they cannot leave where they live.

They have fewer alternatives, and must take their chances

How many cluster munitions fail to go off out of 7,768?

About 1400

Infectious diseases

- Caused by organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)

- animal -> person exchange

- COVID, sars, flu, hepatitis A/B

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)

- Noninfectious health condition that can't be spread from person-to-person.

- AKA chronic disease

- Includes heart diseases, strokes, cancer, diabetes

RISK FACTORS: tobacco, alcohol, diet, physical inactivity

Auto accidents

#1 cause of death in 5-14 and 15-29 year olds.

Ebola

- SOURCE: bats & non-human primates

- spread via fluids

- high risk of death (25-90%) (avg. 50% die)

- signs & symptoms start between 2 days & 3 weeks after contracting

- vomiting, rash, diarrhea, internal bleeding, uncontrollable defecation

- most die from fluid loss

Covid 19 origin possibilities:

1. Infected bat bit a human which spread to others

2. A bat bit another animal that was being sold at a market & was consumed by humans

3. A lab that researches viruses in Wuhan had created it

Media's role in global health

TV commercials showing dr.'s smoking camel cigarettes, Budweiser commercials promoting unhealthy lifestyle, Pepsi & coke commercials

- has led to rising rates of obesity & heart disease

Functionalist Theory

- Countries coming together, growth of specialized technical organizations across national borders

Neo-functionalism

- Cooperation on nonpolitical issues that turns into political cooperation

- Spillover effect

(Treaty of Rome 1957, European atomic energy community, Eurppean eco. community EEC, European parliament 1962)

Integration theory

- Process by which supranational institutions replace national ones. The gradual shifting upward of sovereignty from state to regional & global structures.

- can lead to internation integration, regional or global structures, or voluntarily choosing supranationalism

(World Trade Organization OPEC)

Supranational

Large organizations that subsume a number of states & functions within a larger whole

States voluntarily choose

- IGOs struggle between the contradictory forces of nationalism & supranationalism (state sovereignty vs. the higher authority of supranational structures)

John Glenn

The 1st person to circumvent/orbit the Earth in space

Treaty of Rome 1957

Treaty that created the European Union. 6 member states created the EEC (EC) which made:

1. Free trade area (lifts tariffs & restrictions on movements of goods)

2. Customs union (participating states adopt unified set of tariffs)

3. Common market (labor & capital flow freely across borders)

4. Common agricultural policy (common market, at least in theory)

Maastricht Treaty 1992 (its challenges)

Committed to further integration in 3 areas:

1. Monetary union (made Euro)

2. Justice & home affairs

3. Political & military integration.

CHALLENGE: It was implemented more slowly & with fewer participating countries than originally hoped.

European Union & its challenges & Monetary Union

Institutional system that was 1 of a kind, democracy was its cornerstone, 500 million citizens, & very powerful.

- PROBLEMS: immigration, crime, disease, decision making procedures

The monetary union was difficult for its economic & political reasons which required equalization of Europe's economies.

Digital Divide

The gap in access to information technologies within countries.

Information as a tool of Governments

Information as a tool AGAINST governments

Easier to gather, organize, store information, harder to hide information from other governments. Governments make explicit channels of information dissemination to influence domestic & international audiences.

Governments spread false information as a means of international influence: disinformation

Irony of International Integration

Wave of integration with waves of DISintegration

Euro

European currency

- replaced national currencies in 19 EU member states

- Came into full circulation in 2002

- European central bank took over the function of states' banks

Human development index

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

Sustainable development goals SDGs

United Nation goals setting targets for 17 basic needs to be achieved by 2030.

- undo poverty, end world hunger

Most important factors keeping people in extreme poverty:

1. Civil war

2. Corruption

3. Resource curse (oil)

4. Landlocked location without access to trade

Global South

Refers to the world's poor regions (less developed countries LDCs), (underdeveloped countries UDCs)

Biggest basic need = FOOD

Population movement categories

1. Migrants (regional, rural-urban, seasonal, transit, forced/induced, return)

2. Refugees

3. Asylum seekers

4. Displaced persons

5. Immigrant

Basic human needs

1. Healthcare (75% of world have about 30% of Dr.'s & nurses) (Meds are often unavailable)

2. Safe water (3/10 do not have safe drinking water)

3. Sanitation (4.5 billion do not have)

4. Shelter (1/6 are homeless or lives in substanding)

Remittances

Money sent home to relatives in the country of a migrant's origin.

- just transferred between families, helps states in global South

- gives poorer households more income

Pro / Anti Globalization

PRO: openness to foreign trade, investments, technology, facilitates migration, increases access to jobs, contributes to decline in inequality, & motivated work force. Good for the north vs. south gap.

ANTI: believes it's widening the gap between haves vs. have-nots, zero-sum game. "Economic temptress". Bad for north vs. south gap.

Urbanization

The movement from rural areas to the city (looking for economic opportunities & healthcare)

Causes of migration (Push vs. pull)

PUSH: bad governance, abuse of human rights, political oppression, corruption, forced resettlement, violence, rapid population growth, unemployment, poverty, natural disasters/climate change.

PULL: economic opportunities, higher wages, political & cultural freedom, healthy environment, family reunification

Raya Plaza Disaster 2013

April 24 2013, the deadliest industrial incident in history of the garment industry. The building was unsafe to be working in & collapsed. 1k died, & thousands injured.

How does geography cause global inequality?

Land-locked countries, high transportation costs, distance from markets leads to inequality.

How does fast fashion pollute the environment?

It uses fossil fuels, clothing graveyards (piles of clothes), microplastics & wastewater. Synthetic made fibers

The Opium Trade & Tomatoes

Opium comes from Afghanistan. Huge opium market in the U.S. & Europe.

The opium poppy is cheaper & easier to grow and transport, so they make more money. When compared to things like tomatoes, tomatoes are harder to transport across long distances, so that's why people grow opium more.

Does global inequality matter politically?

It limits political participation & prevent the building and proper functioning of impartial institutions. It enables the wealthy to refuse compromise, and there's a lack of transparency.

Where is the dumping group of fast fashion?

It's located in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile (Iquique)

The 4 Economic Tigers

1. South Korea

2. Singapore

3. Hong Kong

4. Taiwan

GDP (Gross domestic product)

Defined by the total value of goods produced & services provided in a country during one year

Import Substitution

A strategy of developing local industries, often conducted behind protectionist barriers, to produce items that a country had been importing

Tiananmen Square Massacre 1989

Students protested in hopes of gaining democratic reform. Chinese Government sent in troops and crushed the protest using violence against the students.

The end of political liberalization in China.

What are 2 policies to become a tiger?:

1. Education

2. Infrastructure

Democracy

Government in which supreme power is vested in the people

CNN Effect

If CNN isn't there, then nobody will know.

CNN brings mass amounts of attention to issues which makes people aware & care.

- other photographers and journalists follow CNN around

Mission Creep

Given one mission (ie. feed, stabilize, turns into making sure weapons are gone, then elections, and so on) where things constantly must be done after.

- The expansion of food relief to Democratic institution building. Went from operation restore hope to operation uphold democracy.

Operation Restore Hope

U.S. mission in Somalia to help establish a cease fire between rival warlords and deliver food to starving people

Force Protection

#1 Priority for U.S. forces was to minimize casualties, stand down, and do not engage unless absolutely necessary.

Operation Gothic Serpent

Enforced to stabilize Somalia after the June massacre.

- Task for Ranger (the best of the best) (Navy Seals, Delta, Rangers)

Somalia Syndrome

The U.S. public will support U.S. military if the goal is secure. If it's not secure, then the public will not support it.

- The American people's resistance to get involved in other conflicts after what had happened in Somalia.

Operation Uphold Democracy

Haiti

- Haitians were coming to Florida due to protesting the president being overthrown by its military. President Clinton gives a speech & decides to send U.S. Soldiers to Haiti to stop the brutal atrocities.