Hort100 Exam 1 Shannon Mason

What is horticulture?

The science, art, hobby, technology, business of producing, fruits, nuts, herbs, vegetables for consumption and producing flowers, plants, grasses for aesthetic, landscaping and recreational use

pericarp

• the fruit wall, which developed from the ovary wall

Composed of 3 layers:

1. Exocarp: outer layer of the pericarp

2. Mesocarp: middle layer of the pericarp

3. Endocarp: inner layer of the pericarp

Dicot secondary growth

Pith is remnant and surrounded by rings of xylem

(one ring each year)

▪ Cambium

▪ Phloem is riged

▪ Rays transverse the xylem and into the phloem

▪ Outer surface is covered by the periderm or bark.

How do monocots and dicots differ in venation?

• Most dicots have branched leaf veins (network venation)

• Monocots have parallel leaf veins (parallel venation)

Define a plant mutation

Individual in a species will change to a different color, size, or growth habit. Population of plants exists with the same scientific name, but a subgroup will show different characteristics

Stomata

designed for gas exchange

CO2 in and O2 out for photosynthesis

 CO2 out and O2 in for respiration

 H2O out during transpiration

What is not horticulture?

Forestry and Agronomy (growing and improving field crops)

Horticultural crops vs Agronomic Crops

Hort smaller, higher maintenance, difficult post harvest storage, no processing for human consumption vs the exact opposite

Olericulture

growing vegetables and culinary herbs

Pomology

growing fruit and tree nut crops

Viticulture

study of grapes

Arboriculture

study of trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants

Floriculture

cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants

Nursery Production

production of ornamental trees, shrubs, fruits, flowers, - often in CONTAINERS

Landscape or Environmental Horticulture

Create aesthetically pleasing, functional and environmentally sound outdoor spaces.

Taxonomy

science of identifying, naming and classifying organisms

Taxonomy order

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Health Benefits of Gardening

Increase flexibility

Strengthen joints

Decrease blood pressure

Angiosperm

Flowering plants

covered seed

Most have broad leaves

Gymnosperm

Conifers and Ginkgo (trees)

Naked seed

Often narrow leaves

The family names of most angiosperms often end in what suffiix?

aceae

Monocots

1 Cotyledon

Flower parts in multiple of 3s

Parallel venation

Dicot

2 cotyledons

flower parts in multiples of 5s

Network venation

Sympetalae flowers

flower parts are fused at base

Chloripetalae flowers

flower parts separate and not fused together

Annual Growth Pattern

Only one growing season to complete life

Biennial Growth Pattern

Completes life cycle in two growing seasons

Hardy Perennials

live for at least 2 growing seasons, potentially many years

Tender Perennials

cold temp may kill it but under good growing temp can live for awhile

Summer Annual

killed by frost or cold

Winter Annual

killed by heat

Herbaceous Ornamental Perennials

soft primary tissue bendable

Epiphytes

herbaceous plants that grow on branches of trees and shrubs

Shrub

many stems, close to ground, without defined trunk

Trees

single defined main trunk

Vegetative Organs

Root, Stem, Leaf

Dicot leaf

branched leaf veins

Monocot leaf

parallel leaf veins (parallel venation)

Cross section of a leaf

Cuticle, Epidermis, Mesophyll

Cuticle

Outermost layer of up and low surface of leaf

clear and waxy to prevent water loss

Epidermis

One layer of cell that give protection for inner tissues

Mesophyll

Palisade parenchyma and Spongy Mesophyll

Stoma

an open aperture in teh epidermis

What opens and closes Stomata

2 guard cells

Open stoma

turgid guard cells

Close stoma

flaccid guard cells

Sun Grown Leaf

thicker due to thicker palisade layer

Shade Grown Leaf

thinner to thinner palisade layer

larger in size

more pliable

Label a leaf

tip, blade, margin, midrib, lateral veins, petiole, stipules

opposite

two leaves attached per node

Alternate

one lead attached per node staggered

Whorled

three or more leaves attached per node

Simple Leaf

blade of lead occurs as one unit

• Tip: the terminal point on the leaf

• Blade or lamina: flattened, green, expanded portion of a leaf

• Margin: edge of the leaf

• Midrib: the most prominent central vein in the leaf

• Lateral veins: secondary veins in a leaf

• Petiole: the leaf stalk (monocots lack)

• Stipules: leaf-like appendages at the base of the petiole on some leaves

• Big thick leathery leaves

Compound leaf

blade of lead is divided into leaflets

• Leaflet: secondary leaf of a compound leaf

• Rachis: an extension of the petiole that bears leaflets

• Petiolule: the leaflet stalk

• Petiole: the leaf stalk

• Stipules: leaf-like appendages at the base of the petiole on some leaves

Palmately Compound Leaf

leaflets start from same location on petiole

Pinnately Compound Leaf

leaflets start from both sides of rachis

Function of leaves

Photosynthesis

Label stem

bud, terminal bud, node, internode

Main functions of stem

Support

Conduction: move water and minerals through their xylem and phloem

Food storage

Protection

Crown (modified stem)

compressed stem

Stolons (modified stem)

stem growing horizontally above ground

primary growth

vascular bundles are in ring between cortex and pith

Phloem outside xylem inside

Secondary Growth

Pith is remany and surrounded by rings of xylem

Monocot Primary Growth

Vascular Bundles – randomly scattered in the ground tissue

▪ Each vascular bundle is surrounded by a bundle sheath and contains xylem oriented towards the inside and

▪ Phloem towards the outside of the stem

▪ Outer layer is the epidermis

Dicot Primary Growth

Uniform bundles in a ring surrounding parenchyma cells in a pith region

• Xylem on the inside

• Phloem on the outside

• Outer surface covered by epidermis

Dicot and Monocot Similarity in primary Growth

stem is mostly composed of ground tissue

Label a diagram of a woody dicot

bark, cambium, phloem, xylem, and rays

Annual Rings made of

xylem by vascular cambium

Main function of roots

water absorption

nutrient absorption

Energy storage

Anchoring and stability

Production of plant hormones

Tap Root

One big root

Fibrous Root

many different roots

Root hairs

Tubular extensions of epidermal cells (the most functional roots)

where are vascular bundles

randomly scattered in the ground tissue

Nomenclature

Genus + specific epithet for each plant

Carl von Linne

Who developed the system of binomial nomenclature?

Variety

given when the mutation occurs in nature

Cultivar

mutation occurs due to human influences

Label complete flower

Stigma

ovary

ovule

Female reproductive parts

stigma, style, ovary

Male reproductive parts

stamens, filament, anther

Complete Flower

A flower containing sepals, petals, stamens, and at least one pistil.

Incomplete Flower

A flower that lacks one or more of the four organs: sepals, petals, stamens, or pistils.

Perfect Flower

has both male/female reproductive parts

Imperfect Flower

flower that is only male or only female

Monoecious Plant

male and female flowers on the same plant

Dioecious plant

staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants

Dicot Flowers

multiples of 4 or 5

Monocot flowers

multiples of 3

A fruit develops from an

ovary

A seed develops from an

ovule

Monocot Seed Structure

Cotyledon

Endosperm

Plumule

Radicle

Seed coat

Cotyledon

helps convert starches stored in the endosperm to useable form

Endosperm

foot storage for seedling

Plumule

embryonic leaf

Radicle

embryonic root

Seed coat

protects seed

Dicot Seed Structure

Cotyledon: provides food for germinating seedling

plumule/epictoly: embryonic leaf

Hypocotyl: embryonic seed

Radicle: embryonic root

Seed coat: protects the seed

cyme inflorescence

Inflorescence that is usually broad and often flat-topped with little florets on it

Solitary inflorescence

single flower

corymb inflorescence

flat-topped or convex inflorescence in which the individual flower stalks grow upward from various points on the main stem to approximately the same height