108 Review Pink

Barrow

castrated male pig

What is the term for the amount of feed consumed to gain one unit of body weight?

Feed Efficiency Ratio

How much feed is typically consumed to gain 1 lb of body weight?

3 lbs of feed

T/F: The smaller the amount of feed needed to gain a lb, the more efficient.

True

(Know how to define) Vertical Integration:

The act of an industry owning most stages of the supply chain (swine/poultry industry) without relying on other producers

Protein source for swine:

soybean meal

Top country in pork production

China

Top 3 pork producing states in US

Iowa

North Carolina

Minnesota

Reasons why the panhandle is good for large scale hog production:

Environment soundness

Water Availability

Feedstuffs

Remote Locations

Trainable Workforse

Most popular swine operation system for crossbreeding. Involves rotating sire breeds each generation and mating replacement females to the least related sire breed:

Rotational System

Disadvantage of the rotational swine system

Decreased heterosis/hybrid vigor

All offspring from terminal(sire) mating are marketed and no replacement gilts are kept

Terminal Crossbreeding

Disadvantage of terminal crossbreeding

replacement females must be purchased as none are generated

Primary purpose of the nursery phase in swine

Houses newly weaned piglets for 5-8 weeks, to then be sent off to growers

Gestation length of swine

114 days

Sows are most comfortable at...

60-65 degrees

The newborn piglet requires a temperature of...

85-90 degrees

Management practice: completely empties out a barn between groups of hogs.

ALL IN ALL OUT

Advantages of ALL in ALL OUT

Allows for cleaning, disinfection, and better disease control.

Piglet processing steps:

Clip needle teeth

Cut navel cord

Iron Injection

Dock tails

Castrate males

Ear notch

Why are iron injections given to swine?

Prevent anemia

Go over page 68 and 76 in book 1

.

How many teats should a swine (of either sex) have?

12 evenly spaced, functional, fine textured

When are reproductive traits most important in swine?

When replacement females are kept from the mating

When offspring show superior traits compared to parents

Hybrid vigor/heterosis

Leading state in all segments of the beef cattle industry

TEXAS

Leaders in cattle numbers:

1) Brazil

2) India

3) USA

Texas is the number one in the nation for:

total cattle

ranches

beef cows

feedlot cattle

A set of permanent cows and heifers mated to bulls to produce calves

Cow-Calf Production

Top operation in number of cows:

Deseret Cattle & Citrus, FL

Gestation length for cattle

283 days

Utilize available FORAGES/ROUGHAGES to grow cattle from weaning until weight ready for feedlot

Seedstock Operation

Feeding high CONCENTRATES to cattle designed for finishing

Feedlot Production

Describe a seedstock operation

Using roughages to increase cattle weight from weaning to feedlot

Desc. a feedlot operation

Feeding concentrate to cattle for finishing

Flank

Brisket

Loin

Round

Methods of beef ID

Combination tattoo/ear tag

Hot or Fire Branding

Freeze Branding

Electronic Ear Tags

Reasons for castrating bulls:

Improved temperament

Less restless in feedlot

Finer texture of lean and more marbling

Genetic improvement

Mixing steers w females

Benefits of implanting beef cattle

WW increased in calves (5-10)

Stocker + feeder weight increased (10-15)

Feeder cattle 8% more efficient

3 factors used to figure frame score:

sex

age

hip height

Acceptable scrotal circumference greater than ___ cm for YEARLING bulls is considered acceptable.

30

Memorize this

do it now

Factors affecting weaning weight:

Weaning age of calf

Age of dam

Sex of calf

Predicts the difference in performance of future offspring of a parent, as compared to progeny of from other parents

EPD

Factors that create dystocia

BW of calf

Sex of calf

Pelvic size of heifer/cow

Site of fertilization

oviduct (ampullary-isthmic junction)

Gonads=

testes

Primary reproductive organ analogous to ovaries

testes

Testes should be ___ degrees below body temperature.

4

Mechanism for temp regulation:

Tunica dartos muscle will contract when low temp --> skin wrinkles

Scrotum

Mechanism for temp regulation:

Temp falls and muscle contracts --> pulls testes towards body

Cremaster Muscle

Mechanism for temp regulation:

Complex network of blood vessels that cool blood entering testes

Pampiniform Plexus

Contribute to fluid volume of semen

Accessory Glands

Nutrients and Buffering - "Cluster of grapes"

Vesicular Glands(Seminal Vessicles)

Produces thin, water fluid to cleanse urethra before ejaculation

Prostate Gland

Gel-like portion of semen in boars

Helps force semen through urethra

Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's Glands)

Which species have a fibroelastic penis?

Bull, Boar, Ram

Induces milk letdown

Oxytocin

Released from the corpus luteum and placenta

Progesterone

Maintains pregnancy

Progesterone

What cells release testosterone?

Leydig cells

Advantages of AI:

-Genetic improvement

-Disease control

-Improved record keeping

-Eliminates need for keeping bulls

Preferred method used for breeding cattle

Rectocervical (rectovaginal)

One hand on the rectum to guide catheter into cervix

Rectocervical

Cows detected estrus in the morning are bred that same afternoon (opposite for afternoon estrus)

AM/PM Rule

Objective of live animal evaluation:

to utilize visual indicators of muscling and finish to project its carcass composition

Fat animals are ______ appearing and develop a _______ flatter shape to their topline.

smooth, wider

Muscle content of the carcass is closely related to the _____ or _____ areas.

ribeye, loineye

Greater muscle mass or expression in one area signifies...

Greater muscularity overall

Reflect cutability

yield grades

Cattle possesing __ to __ inch of fat are considered acceptable.

.2 - .5

Average dressing percent for cattle:

62%

know this

Beef yield grades determined through

1) External fat thickness over ribeye at the 12th rib

2) Ribeye area

3) KPH

4) Carcass Weight

Slaughter cattle grades based on palatability

Quality Grades

Yield grade values:

1-5

T/F: 1 is the highest yield grade

True

KPH ranges from...

1-6 %

Carcass weight is defined by...

live wt. x dressing percentage

Areas to evaluate muscle in sheep:

Forearm

Shoulder

Rack

Loin

Leg

Based solely on adjusted fat thickness over the 12th rib

Yield grade

Fat thickness for a yield grade 2

0.16-0.25 inches

Yield grade formula for sheep

0.4+(10x Adjusted Fat thickness, inches)

Three muscle scores for pork and numerical designations:

1) Thin

2)Average

3) Thick

Swine dressing percent:

72%

Why do swine have the highest DP?

Monogastric + skin left on