Aphuge 123

Map

A 2D visual representation of a geographic area that displays features such as landforms, bodies of water, and human-made structures.

Cartography

The science of making maps.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A computer system that stores geographic data and allows for the analysis and visualization of spatial relationships and patterns.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A satellite-based system used to determine precise location.

Exact Location

The location in relation to the latitude and longitude.

Latitude

Measures the distance north or south.

Longitude

Measures the distance east or west.

Flow

The movement of goods, people, ideas, or money from one place to another.

Distance Decay

The interaction of two places decreases as the distance increases.

Projection

The method cartographers use to make the Earth into a map.

Distortion

The change of shapes when making the Earth into a map.

Relative Location

The location in relation to physical features, landmarks, or human characteristics.

Space

The distance between two things.

Geographic Data

Information that is tied with a specific location.

Spatial Pattern

The study of how human activities, behaviors, and phenomena are distributed across Earth’s surface and why they are located where they are.

Dispersal

Scattered or spread far apart

Density

The number of things that occurs in an area.

Concentration

Describes how far or close things are in a space.

Clustering

Closely packed things in an area.

Functional Region

A region organized around an important point

Vernacular Region

An area that isn’t formed by physical borders.

Formal Region

An area that is formed by a measurable characteristic

Topographic Map

A physical or reference map that shows the elevation.

Time-Space Compression

The process by which improvements in transportation reduce the time to get to a place, although the space is the same.

Cartogram

A thematic map that distorts the geographic area to make them proportional to its statistical value.

Choropleth

A thematic map that’s area is colored according to a statistical value

Isoline Map

A thematic map that uses lines to connect points of the same value.

Map Scale

The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on the Earth’s surface.

Small Scale Map

A map that shows a large geographic area with less detail.

Large Scale Map

A map that shows a small geographic area in high detail

Site

The physical characteristic of a place.

Situation

The location of a place relative to its surroundings or/and environment.

Environmental Determinism

A 19th - early 20th century approach to geography that states that the physical environment and climate dictates how a human society functions.

Culture

The shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors that a society passes from generation to generation.

Environmental Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limitations on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust and adapt to the environment.

“Why of Where”

The reason why spatial patterns and things are located where they are.

Choke Point

A narrow, strategic, corridor that limits trade giving the state economical and political power/leverage.

Human-Environment Interaction

How people depend on, adapt to, and modify the natural world, and how the physical environment influences human society.

Sustainability

The use of Earth’s resources in a way that meets current needs without compromising the future generation’s needs.

Globalization

The expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes around the world increasingly interconnected and interdependent.

Census

The official count of a nation’s entire population.

Agricultural Density

the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.

Carrying Capacity

The population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources, such as food and water.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that displays the percentage of a place’s population  for each age and gender.

Demography

The scientific study of population statistics.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (ages 15-49). This is different from the CBR since it considers the number of children born to a woman over her lifetime rather than one year.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the  number of people in their productive years. Dependents are normally classified as people under age 15 and over 65.

Crude Birth Rates

Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.

Population Doubling-Time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Rate of Natural Increase (Natural Increase Rate)

The NIR is the percentage by which a population grows in a year. This excludes migration.

Demographic Transition Model

The process of change in a society’s population from high crude birth rates, high death rates and a low natural increase rate, to a condition of low birth rates, low death rates and a changing natural increase rate. It consists of 5 stages.

Epidemiological Transition Model

Focuses on distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition model. It accounts for epidemics (widespread occurrence of an infectious disease  in a community at a particular time) and a pandemic (an epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area  and affects a very high proportion of the population at the same time) and degenerative diseases.

Malthusian Theory

Thomas Malthus  (1766-1834) wrote an essay and argued that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the production of food supplies.  Population was growing exponentially and food production was rising at a linear rate, meaning the world would begin to starve. He did not consider innovations from the Industrial Revolution that would improve farming practices and productivity.

Infant Mortality Rate

The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared to total live births. Usually expressed as a number of deaths per 1,000 births rather than a percentage.

Pro-Natalist Policies

A government policy that supports high birth rates, by providing incentives for women to have children.

Anti-Natalist Policies

Restrictive government policy that discourages people from having children.

Contraception

the deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

1. Includes 8 reasons for the migration patterns of people:

• Most people move short distances

• Migration occurs in steps

• Each migration creates a counter stream in the opposite direction (not always equal in size

• Economics is the main reason for most migration

• Migrants who move long distances end up in larger cities

• Young adults are more migratory than families

• Women are more migratory than males in shorter distances, male more likely in longer distances

• Urban residents are less migratory than rural settlement

Push Factors

A reason for migration that PUSHES people to leave their present location

Pull Factors

A reason for migration that PULLS people to move to a new location.

Intervening Opportunities

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites further away.

Intervening Obstacles

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration. 

Remittances

Migrants who find work in another country frequently send a portion of the wages they have earned to relatives back home. The transfer of money by a worker to people  in the country from which they emigrated is a remittance.

Emigration

Permanently leaving a country to move to a new location. (Exit a country)

Immigration

Permanently coming to a new country (Into a country).

Forced Migration

Permanent movement of people, compelled by social, political or environmental factors. It is not clear-cut from voluntary migration where people may move for better circumstances, but they have been explicitly compelled  to migrate due to the violent actions of others, or extreme weather or disasters.

Refugee

A person who has been forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations for generalized violence, violations of human rights, or other disasters, and cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Internally Displaced Persons

A person has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border.

Asylum Seekers

Someone who has migrated to another country with the hope of being recognized as a refugee.

Voluntary Migration

Migration where a person has chosen to move, usually for economic reasons, though sometimes for environmental or social factors.

Transnational Migration

A form of population movement in which a person regularly moves between two or more countries and forms a new cultural identity transcending a single geopolitical unit.

Transhumance

Seasonal migration of livestock between mountain and lowland pasture areas, which also includes the herding community that stay with the livestock as they move them back and forth.

Internal Migration

A permanent move within the same country. Internal migration is far higher than international migration. Can be divided into two types: Interregional migration which is movement from one region of the country to another, and Intraregional migration which is movement within one region.

Chain Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Step Migration

Migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps toward a final destination.

Guest Worker

programs in Germany and other wealthy European countries in which people from poorer countries were allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs. Guest workers were expected to return to their countries of origin once their work was done. These programs operated mainly in the 1960s and 70s.

Asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Brain drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people

Circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in developed countries

Emigration

Permanent movement of people from a location

Family-based migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives previously migrated there

Floodplain

The area subject of flooding during a given number of years, according to historical trends

Forced migration

Permanent movement of people compelled by political or environmental factors

Guest worker

A term once used for a worker in search of a higher-paying job who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa

Immigration

Permanent movement of people to a new location

Internal migration

Permanent movement of people within a particular country

Internally displaced person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but who has not migrated across an international border

International migration

Permanent movement of people from one country to another

Interregional migration

Permanent movement of people from one region of a country to another

Intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

Intraregional migration

Permanent relocation of people within one region of a country

Migration

A form of relocation diffusion involving permanent relocation of people to a new location

Migration transition

A change in the pattern of movement of people in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produces the demographic transition

Mobility

All types of movements of people between locations

Net migration

The difference in a given place between the level of immigration and the level of emigration

Pull factor

A reason that induces people to move to a new location

Push factor

A reason that induces people to leave old location

Quota

In reference to migration, a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year