Year 11 Religion and Life - Semester Two Revision

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the Protestant Reformation, Catholic Counter-Reformation, Ecumenism, comparative Christian denominations, and the multifaceted role and profile of religion in Australia.

Martin Luther

A German priest and Augustinian religious order member recognized as the Father of the European Reformation, whose theological struggles with Catholic teaching and protests against Church abuses aligned with German nationalism.

Ulrich Zwingli

A Swiss Reformer ($1484$–$1531$) based in Zurich who maintained that Christian teachings and liturgical practices must derive solely from Scripture, rejecting anything not explicitly biblical, including the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist.

John Calvin

A French theologian ($1509$–$1564$) and author of The Institution of the Christian Religion, who taught double predestination—the belief that God has already determined whether individuals are saved or damned regardless of how they live.

English Reformation

The 16th-century religious separation triggered by King Henry VIII's desire for an heir and Pope Clement VII's refusal to grant an annulment, leading Henry to declare himself Head of the Church in England and institute English-language liturgies.

Council of Trent

A Catholic ecumenical council called by Pope Paul III that met in Trent, Italy between $1545$ and $1563$ to correct abuses, systematically outline Catholic doctrines handed down by the Apostles, and reaffirm the seven sacraments.

Ecumenism

The work within and between various Christian denominations to overcome divisions and foster unity, derived from the Greek oikoumenikos, meaning general or universal, referencing the whole Christian church.

Unitatis Redintegratio

The Second Vatican Council decree by which the Catholic Church formally embraced ecumenism as an integral and essential part of its life and mission.

Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Christian Unity

A permanent Vatican department led by a Cardinal that is responsible for coordinating theological dialogues between the Catholic Church and other Christian denominations.

Ut Unum Sint

Pope St John Paul II's $1995$ encyclical letter meaning 'That they may be one', which established that ecumenism is not merely an 'appendix' to Catholic activity, but an organic part of Church life and mission.

Religiō

The Latin root word of 'religion', meaning 'moral obligation' and 'worship'.

Spiritus

The Latin root word of 'spirituality', meaning 'breath' (derived from spirare, meaning 'to breathe').

Christian

A title derived from the Greek word Christos ('anointed one') given to anyone who professes Jesus of Nazareth as the Messiah; first applied to Jesus' followers in Antioch around $35$ or $40\text{ AD}$.

Denomination

A recognized autonomous branch or religious group of the Christian Church, usually containing many local churches that share core Christian beliefs while differing in specific doctrines or governance.

East-West Schism (Great Schism)

The cataclysmic schism of $1054$ that permanently divided Christianity into the Western Latin Church adhering to the Pope (Catholic) and Eastern Orthodox groups adhering to the Patriarch of Constantinople.

Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia

The constitutional section prohibiting the Commonwealth from making laws establishing any religion, imposing religious observance, or prohibiting free exercise of religion, and forbidding any religious test for Commonwealth office.

White Australia Policy

A restrictive Australian immigration policy whose abolition in the 1970s allowed non-European communities to settle and substantially expand non-Christian religious diversity across the nation.

'No religion' (Australian Census)

The fastest-growing religious affiliation category in Australia, reported by $38.9\%$ of the population in the $2021$ census, encompassing atheists, agnostics, and other non-religious spiritualities.

Religious Role of Religion

The societal role of religion focused on supporting individuals in their religious way of life and aiding them in listening to, discerning, and answering the fundamental questions of the human heart.

Social Role of Religion

The societal role of religion centered on providing practical human services and welfare to communities, including operating hospitals, schools, aged-care facilities, and charitable agencies.

Political Role of Religion

The participation of religious leaders and adherents in public discussions, civic debates, and political issues to promote core values, defend beliefs, and advocate for human rights.

Cultural Role of Religion

The contribution of religion toward shaping societal values, heritage, and expression through artistic mediums such as music, visual art, literature, and drama.

Martin Luther

A German priest belonging to a Religious Order recognized as the Father of the European Reformation; he challenged medieval Church abuses, questioned traditional Catholic teachings on grace and sacraments, and emphasized Scripture.

Ulrich Zwingli

A Swiss Reformer who asserted that Christian teachings and liturgical practices must be based solely on Scripture, rejected anything not explicitly found in the Bible as superstitious, and denied the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist.

John Calvin

A French theologian and author of 'The Institution of the Christian Religion' who taught predestination, arguing that God has already determined whether individuals are saved or damned regardless of how they live.

English Reformation

The separation of the Church in England from papal authority, initiated when King Henry VIII declared himself Head of the Church after Pope Clement VII refused to grant an annulment of his marriage.

Council of Trent

An ecumenical council convened by Pope Paul III between $1545$ and $1563$ in Trent, Italy, which addressed Reformation abuses, condemned errors, reaffirmed the seven sacraments, and renewed Catholic doctrine.

Ecumenism

The movement and work within and between various Christian denominations to overcome historic divisions and foster Christian unity, inspired by Jesus's prayer at the Last Supper in John 17:21.

Oikoumenikos

The Greek word from which 'ecumenical' is derived; it means 'general' or 'universal' and refers to the whole Christian church.

Unitatis Redintegratio

The Second Vatican Council decree through which the Catholic Church formally embraced ecumenism as an integral part of its life and mission.

Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Christian Unity

A permanent Vatican department led by a Cardinal responsible for coordinating dialogue between the Catholic Church and other Christian denominations.

Ut Unum Sint

The $1995$ encyclical letter by Pope St John Paul II ('That they may be one') which established that ecumenism is not merely an optional appendix, but an organic duty of the Christian conscience.

Religiō

The Latin root word of 'religion,' meaning 'moral obligation' and 'worship.'

Spiritus

The Latin root word of 'spirituality,' meaning 'breath' (from spirare, 'to breathe').

Religion

A set of beliefs and practices organized around supernatural and moral claims, generally held by a community and codified in prayer, ritual, history, and religious law.

Spirituality

An inner sense of meaning, purpose, and connection to that which is greater than oneself, involving matters of the spirit that transcend material existence without requiring formal organizational affiliation.

Denomination

A recognized, autonomous branch of the Christian Church that shares core Christian doctrines but possesses distinct traditions, structures, or liturgical practices.

Christos

The Greek title meaning 'anointed one' (Messiah) from which the term 'Christian' originated, first applied to followers of Jesus in Antioch around $35$ or $40\text{ AD}$.

East-West Schism (Great Schism)

The major split in $1054$ that divided Christianity into Western Catholicism under the Pope and Eastern Orthodoxy looking to the Patriarch of Constantinople.

Orthodox Church

The Christian branch originating in the Eastern Roman Empire (especially Constantinople) meaning 'right teaching; correct opinion,' characterized by autocephalous bishops, painted icons, and the Divine Liturgy.

Catholic Church

The Christian branch originating in the Western Roman Empire (especially Rome) meaning 'universal; general; whole,' characterized by Papal authority, seven sacraments, and the Mass.

Anglican Church

The branch of Christianity originating in England during the Reformation, headed symbolically by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and known for formal liturgies and the Book of Common Prayer.

Protestant Churches

Christian churches that originated during the sixteenth-century European Reformation 'protesting' against Catholicism, emphasizing biblical preaching, individual reading of Scripture, and rejecting papal authority.

Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia

The constitutional provision preventing the Australian Commonwealth parliament from establishing any religion, imposing religious observance, prohibiting free exercise of religion, or requiring a religious test for public office.

Religious Role of Religion

The function of religion aimed at supporting people in their religious way of life and guiding them to respond to existential questions of the human heart through prayer, worship, and spiritual development.

Social Role of Religion

The practical service provided by religious groups to support society, including the founding and running of hospitals, schools, aged-care facilities, and welfare charities.

Political Role of Religion

The involvement of religious leaders and adherents in public policy discussions and debates to defend beliefs, uphold moral principles, and promote human rights and social justice.

Cultural Role of Religion

The influence of religious ideas and traditions on societal culture, expressed through art, music, literature, and drama that convey human meaning and purpose.

Nones

A sociological term referring to individuals who indicate no religious affiliation on census questionnaires or sociological surveys.

No Religion (Australian Census 2021)

The fastest-growing religious category in Australia, selected by $38.9\%$ of the population in the $2021$ census, encompassing atheists, agnostics, and other secular or spiritual beliefs.