Psych 101 Exam 1

Wilhelm Wundt

-considered the “father” of experimental psych

-opened institute/lab in Germany

-thought subject matter of psych is consciousness

G. Stanley Hall

-first American psychologist

-first president of APA

Mart Whiton Calkins

-first female APA president

Margaret Washburn

-first female PhD in psych

Leta Hollingworth

-debunked ideas of female intellectual inferioty

structuralism

-structures of conscious

-use introspection

-work in labs

Edward Titchener and Wilhelm Wundt

structuralism

William James

functionalism

psychoanalytic theory

-Freud

-thought people driven by unconscious motives

John Watson

-”father” of behaviorism

BF Skinner

-operant conditioning

-thought free will was an illusion

humanism

-study the whole person and focus on person’s innate drive for self-actualization

unifying themes of psych

-psych is empirical

-psych is theoretically diverse

-psych evolves in a sociohistorical context

study types

-experiment

-naturalistic observation

-case studies

-surveys

structured interview

-same Qs

clinical interviews

-adjusted Qs based on participant answers

social desirability

naturalistic observation

-natural

structured observation

-every participant presented w/ same setting

experimental components

-random assignment

-experimental group

-control group

-independent variable

-dependent variable

Gilbert Gottlieb

-systems theory model (epigenesis)

Norm of reaction

range of phenotypes from a given genotype, is also in relation to the environments in which it could survive and develop

behavioral genetics

variation arising from environmental and genetic factors

bottom-up processing

-feature analysis

sensory input assembled into image

-feature analysis

top-down processing

visual expectations —> help interpret image

accommodation

eye changing shape to focus on different objects

Gestalt theory

framework stating that the mind perceives things as unified, organized wholes rather than isolated parts

Max Wertheimer

-put forth Gestalt theory

-came up with phi phenomenon

Gestalt Principles

6

-closure

-similarity

-figure-ground

-continuity

-proximity

-simplicity

Taste

-supertaster

• less fond of sweets

• eat fewer high-fat foods

• stronger alcohol side effects

-nontaster

sound

-higher freq: higher pitch

-greater amplitude: louder (dB)

William Dement

-Said Americans don’t get enough sleep, which is bad

Dream Theories

-Freud: wish-fulling

-Cartwright: problem-solving

-Hobson: by-product of periodic neural activation

John Watson

-behaviorist

-Little Albert

Albert Bandura

observational learning

Albert Bandura’s 4 key processes of observational learning

-attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

-Bobo doll

3 types of learning

-classical conditioning

-operant conditioning

-observational learning

B. F. Skinner

behaviorist

-operant conditioning

-Skinner box

Ivan Pavlov

-classical conditioning

Reciprocal determinism

-a person’s behavior influences & is influenced by personal factors like behavior and environment

-positive-feedback loop

Dissociation hypothesis of hypnosis

-consciousness split into 2 streams