ADSC 2010 Exam 3

feedstuffs and ration balancing, swine, beef, dairy

T or F: water is required by all living species for survival

TRUE

demand/intake of water is based on

evironments and nutrient intake; exercise and excretion

what does it mean for water to be fresh and clean

minimal amounts of suspended solids, free of toxins and microbes

water deficiencies

-decreased feed intake

-dehydration

-decreased reproductive performance

-death

considerations before using certain byproducts

energy, protein, fats

total digestible nutrients

TDN

energy byproducts

-beet pulp

-hominy feed

-distiller’s grains

beet pulp

72% TDN

hominy feed

92% TDN

distiller’s grains

89% TDN

protein byproducts

blood meal, corn gluten meal, cottonseed meal

blood meal

95.5% CP

corn gluten meal

65% CP

cottonseed meal

44.5% CP

fats byproducts

tallow, whole soybeans, bakery waste

tallow

177% TDN, 0% CP

whole soybeans

85% TDN, 38% CP

bakery waste

89% TDN, 10.7% CP

goal of ration balancing

offset the animal’s requirements with an appropriate level of feed nutrients

what types of consequences are there when the ration is “out of balance” (either in the surplus or deficient direction)

economic and animal welfare

the outcome of the ration balancing process is as reliable as the information provided for each side of the balance

nutrient requirements and feed nutrient values

nutrient requirements = nutrient supplied

balanced

nutrient requirements > nutrient supplied

deficiency

nutrient requirements < nutrient supplied

surplus

nutritional goals for most situations

optimum/most efficient production

T or F: most efficient production = maximum production

FALSE

goal for dry pregnant beef cows or horses with low activity

maintenance of body weight and condition

goal for sedentary pets

health and longevity, with little attention to performance

goal for work horses, race horses, and sporting dogs

ability to sustain work or athletic performance

the first step in diet formulation is

to obtain a reliable source of nutrient requirements for the target animal

what is the most authoritative source of the nutrient requirements for an animal?

the National Research Council (NRC) Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals

how is information collected for the NRC?

experts in the field compile available research for animals in a wide variety of species

information is updated and disseminated periodically

other sources of nutrient requirements for animals

extension publications, results of university research

in addition to reliable animal nutrient requirement information, it is essential

that accurate feed nutrient values are available for the ration formulation process

T or F: NRC nutrient requirement publications typically contain a listing of common feedstuffs fed to that particular animal species

TRUE

T or F: “book values” list average levels expected for common feedstuffs

TRUE

T or F: “book values” seldom match actual nutrient content of feed in use

TRUE

T or F: the degree of error introduced by using book values is usually the same

FALSE; degree of error varies

nutrient requirements for various classes of animals are commonly described in two ways

-nutrient concentration or density

-amounts of nutrients required by an animal daily

ad libitum

animals may consume all the feed they desire

when animals are fed a ration ad libitum, we typically balance rations

to meet recommended nutrient concentrations

it is most common to balance rations for market animals on a nutrient concentration basis because

we want them to consume feed ad lib for maximum or optimum performance

in other cases (mature animals or female replacements), we may want to limit or restrict feed to

prohibit excessive fatness

in such cases (mature animals or female replacements), it is easiest to express nutritional requirements in terms of

nutrients required per day; calculate the amount of a given feed or mixed ration necessary to supply that amount

T or F: monogastric diets are normally formulated on an as fed basis

TRUE

T or F: ruminant rations vary widely in dry matter content

TRUE

ruminant rations are typically balanced on a __ __ basis

dry matter (DM)

“as fed” basis =

air-dry basis

T or F: it is most convenient to formulate ruminant rations on a dry matter basis, then, as a last step, convert those amounts to an “as fed” amount

TRUE

calculating As Fed to DM

#feed As Fed * %DM = #DM

Calculating DM to As Fed

#DM / %DM = # As Fed

simple ration balancing methods

-simple trial and error

-Pearson’s Square

T or F: hand balancing a ration is an exact science

FALSE; not an exact science

how does a producer decide to feed “x” amount of forage to a given animal (using Trial and Error)?

-calculate the amounts of nutrients supplied in that amount of forage and compare this to the animal’s requirements

-repeatedly check against deficiencies left from the forage, (trial and error) he formulates a grain/vitamin/mineral mix to satisfy the animal’s nutrient requirements

Pearson’s square is useful for balancing

one or two nutrients using 2-4 feeds

T or F: for a Pearson’s square, one feed must have a nutrient concentration above and below one feed below the desired nutrient level

TRUE

where is the desired nutrient content placed in the square?

center

where are the feed nutrient levels in the square?

left corners

how to use a Pearson square

-subtract the smaller number from the larger number diagonally across the square

-calculate the ratio of feed ingredients and then convert to a percentage of the diet

T or F: many minerals, vitamins, and feed additives are included in animal rations in very small amounts

TRUE

T or F: it is critical that the process of adding minerals, vitamins, and feed additives is conducted accurately

TRUE

T or F: overconsumption of a micronutrient or a feed additive can negatively impact performance or be life-threatening in certain cases

TRUE

T or F: anyone can handle additives

FALSE; especially with additives classified as drugs, only a specially licensed mill may handle the product

T or F: producers must purchase the additive as a component of a premix or complete supplement

TRUE

nutrient requirements are computed by equations that describe

the requirements of the animals for various physiological functions

in most beef production situations, cattle are fed to appetite with either

high forage or high grain diets