Cambridge IELTS 12: Boost Vocabulary

Remarkable (adj) /ɹɪmˈɑːkəbə‍l/

đáng chú ý. Syn: extraordinary, outstanding, significant, incredible. Ex: Cork Cork - the thick bark of the cork oak tree (Quercus suber) - is a remarkable material.

Tough (adj) /tˈʌf/

cứng; khó. Syn: —. Ex: It is tough, elastic, buoyant, and fire-resistant, and suitable for a wide range of purposes.

Elastic (adj) /ɪlˈastɪk/

co giãn, linh hoạt. Syn: stretchy, flexible. Ex: It is tough, elastic, buoyant, and fire-resistant, and suitable for a wide range of purposes.

Buoyant (adj) /bˈɔ‍ɪənt/

có khả năng nổi. Ant: sinking. Ex: It is tough, elastic, buoyant, and fire-resistant, and suitable for a wide range of purposes.

Fire-resistant (adj) /fˈa‍ɪ‍əɹɪsˈɪstənt/

unaffected fire. Syn: —. Ex: It is tough, elastic, buoyant, and fire-resistant, and suitable for a wide range of purposes.

Extraordinary (adj) /ɛkstɹˈɔːdɪnəɹi/

phi thường. Syn: remarkable, outstanding, significant, incredible. Ex: And the cork oak itself is an extraordinary tree.

Insulate (v) /ˈɪnsjuːlˌe‍ɪt/

che phủ hoặc bảo vệ vật/điều gì đó với vật liệu dừng điện, âm thanh, nhiệt etc từ nhận; trở nên hoặc out. Syn: —. Ex: Its bark grows up to 20 cm in thickness, insulating the tree like a coat wrapped around the trunk and branches and keeping the inside at a constant 20°C all year round.

Particular (n/v) /pətˈɪkjʊlə/

cụ thể; đặc biệt. Syn: —. Ex: Developed most probably as a defence against forest fires, the bark of the cork oak has a particular cellular structure - with about 40 million cells per cubic centimetre - that technology has never succeeded in replicating.

Replicate (n/v) /ɹˈɛplɪkˌe‍ɪt/

sao chép; trùng, sao chép; bản sao. Syn: duplicate, copy. Ex: Developed most probably as a defence against forest fires, the bark of the cork oak has a particular cellular structure - with about 40 million cells per cubic centimetre - that technology has never succeeded in replicating.

Pressure (n) /pɹˈɛʃə/

áp lực. Syn: force, strain; Ant: relief, ease. Ex: It also has an elasticity that means you can squash it and watch it spring back to its original size and shape when you release the pressure.

Flourish (n/v) /flˈʌɹɪʃ/

phát triển; mọc, thrive. Syn: grow, thrive. Ex: They flourish in warm, sunny climates where there is a minimum of 400 millimetres of rain per year, and no more than 800 millimetres.

Thrive (adj) /θɹˈa‍ɪv/

phát triển mạnh. Syn: go strong, flourish. Ex: Like grape vines, the trees thrive in poor soil, putting down deep root in search of moisture and nutrients.

Soil (n) /sˈɔ‍ɪl/

đất. Syn: —. Ex: Like grape vines, the trees thrive in poor soil, putting down deep root in search of moisture and nutrients.

Moisture (n) /mˈɔ‍ɪst‍ʃə/

độ ẩm. Syn: wetness, dampness. Ex: Like grape vines, the trees thrive in poor soil, putting down deep root in search of moisture and nutrients.

Nutrient (adj) /njˈuːtɹi‍ənt/

chất dinh dưỡng. Syn: sustenance, nourishment, mineral; Ant: poison. Ex: Like grape vines, the trees thrive in poor soil, putting down deep root in search of moisture and nutrients.

Patience (n) /pˈe‍ɪʃəns/

khả năng tiếp tục waiting hoặc thực hiện vật/điều gì đó trong thời gian dài không có trở nên tức giận hoặc lo lắng. Syn: —. Ex: Cork production is, above all, an exercise in patience.

Strip (v) /stɹˈɪp/

loại bỏ vật/điều gì đó lớp phủ bề mặt vật/điều gì đó khác. Syn: —. Ex: If the bark is stripped on a day when it's too cold - or when the air is damp - the tree will be damaged.

Specialised (adj) /spˈɛʃə‍lˌa‍ɪzd/

chuyên môn hóa. Syn: trained, designed, or developed for a particular purpose, type of work, place etc. Ex: Cork harvesting is a very specialised profession.

Mechanical (adj) /mɪkˈanɪkə‍l/

cơ khí. Syn: automated, technical; Ant: natural, manual. Ex: No mechanical means of stripping cork bark has been invented, so the job is done by teams of highly skilled workers.

Boil (v) /bˈɔ‍ɪl/

wash vật/điều gì đó, sử dụng boiling nước. Syn: to wash something, using boiling water. Ex: It is then dried on the ground for about four months, before being taken to factories, where it is boiled to kill any insects that might remain in the cork.

Thermal (adj) /θˈɜːmə‍l/

thuộc nhiệt. Ant: non-thermal. Ex: Over 60% of cork then goes on to be made into traditional bottle stoppers, with most of the remainder being used in the construction trade, Corkboard and cork tiles are ideal for thermal and acoustic insulation, while granules of cork are used in the manufacture of concrete.

Acoustic (adj) /ɐkˈuːstɪk/

âm học. Syn: —. Ex: Over 60% of cork then goes on to be made into traditional bottle stoppers, with most of the remainder being used in the construction trade, Corkboard and cork tiles are ideal for thermal and acoustic insulation, while granules of cork are used in the manufacture of concrete.

Manufacture (n) /mˌanjuːfˈakt‍ʃə/

sản xuất. Syn: —. Ex: Over 60% of cork then goes on to be made into traditional bottle stoppers, with most of the remainder being used in the construction trade, Corkboard and cork tiles are ideal for thermal and acoustic insulation, while granules of cork are used in the manufacture of concrete.

Monopoly (adv) /mənˈɒpəli/

if công ty hoặc chính phủ monopoly doanh nghiệp hoặc chính trị hoạt động, hoàn thành kiểm soát so khác các tổ chức không thể compete với. Syn: —. Ex: Recent years have seen the end of the virtual monopoly of cork as the material for bottle stoppers, due to concerns about the effect it may have on the contents of the bottle.

Spoil (v) /spˈɔ‍ɪl/

có nguồn gốc từ. Syn: ruin, destroy. Ex: The tiniest concentrations - as little as three or four parts to a trillion - can spoil the taste of the product contained in the bottle.

Substitute (n/v) /sˈʌbstɪtjˌuːt/

thay thế. Syn: —. Ex: These substitutes are cheaper to manufacture and, in the case of screw caps, more convenient for the user.

Sustainable (adj) /səstˈe‍ɪnəbə‍l/

có khả năng tiếp tục không có gây ra thiệt hại môi trường. Syn: —. Ex: The passage uses "Sustainable" in its original context.

Biodiversity (n) /bˌa‍ɪə‍ʊda‍ɪvˈɜːsɪti/

đa dạng sinh học. Syn: —. Ex: support local biodiversity, and prevent desertification in the regions where they are planted.

Prevent (adj) /pɹɪvˈɛnt/

ngăn chặn. Syn: —. Ex: support local biodiversity, and prevent desertification in the regions where they are planted.

Desertification (n) /dɪzˌɜːtɪfɪkˈe‍ɪʃən/

quá trình hữu ích đất, đặc biệt farmland, các thay đổi vào sa mạc. Syn: —. Ex: support local biodiversity, and prevent desertification in the regions where they are planted.

Fascinating (n/v) /fˈasɪnˌe‍ɪtɪŋ/

charming, hấp dẫn, thú vị. Syn: charming, attractive, interesting. Ex: Collecting as a hobby Collecting must be one of the most varied of human activities, and it's one that many of us psychologists find fascinating.

Dignify (n/v) /dˈɪɡnɪfˌa‍ɪ/

distinguish. Syn: —. Ex: The passage uses "Dignify" in its original context.

Productive (adj) /pɹədˈʌktɪv/

thực tế, hữu ích, hữu ích, có giá trị cổ: mảnh; phần furniture, jewellery etc được làm rất dài thời gian trước đây và therefore có giá trị. Syn: —. Ex: A massing hundreds or even thousands of postcards, chocolate wrappers or whatever, takes time, energy and money that could surely to much more productive use.

Profit (n/v) /pɹˈɒfɪt/

lợi nhuận. Syn: income, earnings, turnover, revenue. Ex: They'll look for, say, antiques that they can buy cheaply and expect to be able to sell at a profit.

Psychological (adj) /sa‍ɪkəlˈɒd‍ʒɪkə‍l/

thuộc tâm lý. Syn: —. Ex: But there may well be a psychological element, too - buying cheap and selling dear can give the collector a sense of triumph.

Element (n) /ˈɛlɪmənt/

nguyên tố; yếu tố. Syn: part, aspect; Ant: whole. Ex: But there may well be a psychological element, too - buying cheap and selling dear can give the collector a sense of triumph.

Triumph (n/v) /tɹˈa‍ɪʌmf/

victory, thành công, joy, satisfaction. Syn: Victory, succeed, joy, satisfaction. Ex: But there may well be a psychological element, too - buying cheap and selling dear can give the collector a sense of triumph.

Exchange (n/v) /ɛkst‍ʃˈe‍ɪnd‍ʒ/

swap, thương mại. Syn: swap, trade. Ex: Trainspotters exchange information, these days often by mobile phone, so they can work out where to go to, to see a particular engine.

Desire (n/v) /dɪzˈa‍ɪ‍ə/

mong muốn. Syn: wish, need, want. Ex: Another motive for collecting is the desire to find something special, or a particular example of the collected item, such as a rare early recording by a particular singer.

Aimless (adj) /ˈe‍ɪmləs/

meaningless. Syn: —. Ex: Psychologically, this can give a purpose to a life that otherwise feels aimless.

Empty (n/v) /ˈɛmpti/

trống. Syn: meaningless, purposeless. Ex: There is a danger, though, that if the individual is ever lucky enough to find what they're looking for, rather than celebrating their success, they may feel empty, now that the goal that drove them on has gone.

Fossil (n) /fˈɒsə‍l/

động vật hoặc thực vật; cây đã sống nhiều thousands năm trước đây và bảo tồn, hoặc hình dạng một trong động vật hoặc thực vật; cây bảo tồn đá. Syn: —. Ex: Similarly, in the 19th century, many collectors amassed fossils, animals and plants from around the globe, and their collections provided a vast amount of information about the natural world.

Inferior (n) /ɪnfˈi‍əɹɪə/

poorer, phía dưới. Syn: poorer, lower. Ex: Without those collections, our understanding would be greatly inferior to what it is.

Publish (n/v) /pˈʌblɪʃ/

announce, làm; tạo ra công cộng. Syn: announce, make public. Ex: This might involve trying to see every locomotive of a particular type, using published data that identifies each one, and ticking off each engine as it is seen.

Identify (v) /a‍ɪdˈɛntɪfˌa‍ɪ/

xác định. Syn: recognize, distinguish, detect. Ex: The passage uses "Identify" in its original context.

Knowledgeable (adj) /nˈɒlɪd‍ʒəbə‍l/

well-informed, có kinh nghiệm; trải qua, educated. Syn: well-informed, experienced, educated. Ex: As a by-product, many practitioners of the hobby become very knowledgeable about railway operations, or the technical specifications of different engine types.

Railway (n) /ɹˈe‍ɪlwe‍ɪ/

đường sắt. Syn: —. Ex: As a by-product, many practitioners of the hobby become very knowledgeable about railway operations, or the technical specifications of different engine types.

Operation (n) /ˌɒpəɹˈe‍ɪʃən/

quá trình, quy trình. Syn: process, procedure. Ex: As a by-product, many practitioners of the hobby become very knowledgeable about railway operations, or the technical specifications of different engine types.

Doll (n) /dˈɒl/

child's toy trông; có vẻ thích nhỏ người hoặc trẻ sơ sinh. Syn: —. Ex: Similarly, people who collect dolls may go beyond simply enlarging their collection, and develop an interest in the way that dolls are made, or the materials that are used.

Enlarge (v) /ɛnlˈɑːd‍ʒ/

tăng, mở rộng, extend. Syn: increase, expand, extend. Ex: Similarly, people who collect dolls may go beyond simply enlarging their collection, and develop an interest in the way that dolls are made, or the materials that are used.

Standard (n/v) /stˈandəd/

tiêu chuẩn. Syn: norm, average. Ex: These have changed over the centuries from the wood that was standard in 16th century Europe, through the wax and porcelain of later centuries, to the plastics of today's dolls.

Wax (n) /wˈaks/

rắn; vững chắc chất làm bằng chất béo hoặc dầu và được dùng để làm; tạo ra candles, polish etc. Syn: a solid substance made of fat or oil and used to make candles, polish etc. Ex: These have changed over the centuries from the wood that was standard in 16th century Europe, through the wax and porcelain of later centuries, to the plastics of today's dolls.

Porcelain (n) /pˈɔːsɪlˌɪn/

cứng; khó shiny trắng chất được dùng để việc tạo ra expensive plates, cups etc. Syn: —. Ex: These have changed over the centuries from the wood that was standard in 16th century Europe, through the wax and porcelain of later centuries, to the plastics of today's dolls.

Neatly (adv) /nˈiːtli/

tidily, cẩn thận. Syn: tidily, carefully. Ex: Stamp collectors, for instance, arrange their stamps in albums, usually very neatly, organising their collection according to certain commonplace principles-perhaps by country in alphabetical order, or grouping stamps by what they depict -people, birds, maps, and so on.

Conscious (adj) /kˈɒnʃəs/

intentional, deliberate. Syn: intentional, deliberate. Ex: One reason, conscious or not, for what someone chooses to collect is to show the collector's individualism.

Individualism (n) /ˌɪndɪvˈɪd‍ʒuːəlˌɪzəm/

niềm tin đúng; bên phải và freedom cá nhân người hầu hết quan trọng đúng; bên phải xã hội. Syn: —. Ex: One reason, conscious or not, for what someone chooses to collect is to show the collector's individualism.

Existence (n) /ɛɡzˈɪstəns/

sự tồn tại. Syn: —. Ex: And believe it or not, there is at least one dog collar museum in existence, and it grew out of a personal collection.

Mildly (adv) /mˈa‍ɪldli/

hơi; một chút, ít; nhỏ. Syn: slightly, a little. Ex: Of course, all hobbies give pleasure, but the common factor in collecting is usually passion: pleasure is putting it far too mildly.

Passion (n) /pˈaʃən/

rất mạnh; chắc thích vật/điều gì đó. Syn: —. Ex: Of course, all hobbies give pleasure, but the common factor in collecting is usually passion: pleasure is putting it far too mildly.

Engross (n/v) /ɛnɡɹˈə‍ʊs/

giữ sự chú ý. Syn: —. Ex: More than most other hobbies, collecting can be totally engrossing, and can give a strong sense of personal fulfillment.

Fulfillment (n) /fʊlfˈɪlmənt/

satisfaction. Syn: —. Ex: More than most other hobbies, collecting can be totally engrossing, and can give a strong sense of personal fulfillment.

Eccentric (adj) /ɛksˈɛntɹɪk/

bất thường, kỳ lạ, weird. Syn: unusual, strange, weird. Ex: To non-collectors it may appear an eccentric, if harmless, way of spending time, but potentially, collecting has a lot going for it.

Institution (n) /ˌɪnstɪtjˈuːʃən/

lớn tổ chức cụ thể; đặc biệt loại hoạt động; làm việc hoặc mục đích. Syn: —. Ex: A ‘I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any subject' That was the founders motto for Cornell University, and it seems an apt characterization of the different university, also in the USA, where I currently teach philosophy.

Motto (n/v) /mˈɒtə‍ʊ/

slogan, nói. Syn: Slogan, saying. Ex: A ‘I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any subject' That was the founders motto for Cornell University, and it seems an apt characterization of the different university, also in the USA, where I currently teach philosophy.

Arson (n/v) /ˈɑːsən/

fire-starting, fire-raising. Syn: fire-starting, fire-raising. Ex: A student can prepare for a career in resort management, engineering, interior design, accounting, music, law founders of these two institutions have thought of a course called Arson for Profit'?

Prospective (adj) /pɹəspˈɛktɪv/

có khả năng, tiềm năng; có thể. Syn: likely, potential. Ex: B Naturally, the course is intended for prospective arson investigators, who can learn all the tricks of the trade for detecting whether a fire was deliberately set, discovering who did it, and establishing a chain of evidence for effective prosecution in a court of law.

Prosecution (n) /pɹˌɒsɪkjˈuːʃən/

khi ai đó đánh giá tội phạm court luật. Syn: —. Ex: B Naturally, the course is intended for prospective arson investigators, who can learn all the tricks of the trade for detecting whether a fire was deliberately set, discovering who did it, and establishing a chain of evidence for effective prosecution in a court of law.

Criticize (v) /kɹˈɪtɪsˌa‍ɪz/

thể hiện sự phản đối ai đó hoặc vật/điều gì đó, hoặc nói chuyện về lỗi. Syn: —. Ex: My point is not to criticize academic programs in fire science: they are highly welcome as part of the increasing professionalization of this and many other occupations.

Occupation (n) /ˌɒkjʊpˈe‍ɪʃən/

công việc, hoạt động; làm việc. Syn: Job, work. Ex: My point is not to criticize academic programs in fire science: they are highly welcome as part of the increasing professionalization of this and many other occupations.

Illegal (adj) /ɪlˈiːɡə‍l/

chống lại luật. Syn: —. Ex: This example suggests how dishonest and illegal behavior, with the help of higher education, can creep into every aspect of public and business life.

Appreciate (v) /ɐpɹˈiːʃɪˌe‍ɪt/

đánh giá cao. Syn: be grateful for, be thankful for, be glad about, be pleased about, value. Ex: The regular instructor is a colleague who appreciates the kind of ethical perspective I can bring as a philosopher.

Ethical (adj) /ˈɛθɪkə‍l/

moral, nguyên tắc. Syn: Moral, principled. Ex: The regular instructor is a colleague who appreciates the kind of ethical perspective I can bring as a philosopher.

Cue (n/v) /kjˈuː/

tín hiệu. Syn: —. Ex: There are endless ways I could have approached this assignment, but I took my cue from the title of the course: 'Principles of Marketing'.

Principle (n/v) /pɹˈɪnsɪpə‍l/

nguyên tắc. Syn: rule, law. Ex: Stamp collectors, for instance, arrange their stamps in albums, usually very neatly, organising their collection according to certain commonplace principles-perhaps by country in alphabetical order, or grouping stamps by what they depict -people, birds, maps, and so on.

Codify (v) /kˈə‍ʊdɪfˌa‍ɪ/

sắp xếp luật, nguyên tắc, các sự thật etc hệ thống. Syn: to arrange laws, principles, facts etc in a system. Ex: The passage uses "Codify" in its original context.

Assume (n/v) /ɐsˈuːm/

giả định. Syn: suppose, believe, think. Ex: Many of the students immediately assumed that the answer to my question about marketing principles was obvious: no.

Obvious (adj) /ˈɒbvɪəs/

rõ ràng. Syn: clear, apparent. Ex: Many of the students immediately assumed that the answer to my question about marketing principles was obvious: no.

Sound (n/v) /sˈa‍ʊnd/

âm thanh. Syn: —. Ex: I made the suggestion, which may sound downright crazy in light of the evidence, that perhaps marketing is by definition principled.

Downright (n/v) /dˈa‍ʊnɹa‍ɪt/

absolutely, hoàn toàn, cực kỳ. Syn: absolutely, totally, extremely. Ex: I made the suggestion, which may sound downright crazy in light of the evidence, that perhaps marketing is by definition principled.

Sign up (n phrase/collocation) /sˈa‍ɪn ˈʌp/

tham gia; nối, enroll. Syn: join, enroll. Ex: Any undergraduates who have met the academic requirements can sign up for the course in our program in 'fire science'.

Irrelevant (adj) /ɪɹˈɛlɪvənt/

unrelated, inappropriate. Syn: unrelated, inappropriate. Ex: The other attitude is that the purpose of marketing is irrelevant: Each person comes to the program and course with his or her own plans, and these need not even concern the acquisition of marketing expertise as such.

Expertise (n) /ˌɛkspətˈiːz/

kiến thức, proficiency. Syn: knowledge, proficiency. Ex: The other attitude is that the purpose of marketing is irrelevant: Each person comes to the program and course with his or her own plans, and these need not even concern the acquisition of marketing expertise as such.

Proposal (adj) /pɹəpˈə‍ʊzə‍l/

gợi ý. Syn: —. Ex: My proposal, which I believe would also be Kant's, is that neither of these attitudes captures the significance of the end to the means for marketing.

Endeavor (n) /ɛndˈɛvə/

nỗ lực, cố gắng. Syn: effort, try. Ex: A field of knowledge or a professional endeavor is defined by both the means and the end;hence both deserve scrutiny.

Scrutiny (n/v) /skɹˈuːtɪni/

cẩn thận và kỹ lưỡng sự kiểm tra ai đó hoặc vật/điều gì đó. Syn: —. Ex: A field of knowledge or a professional endeavor is defined by both the means and the end;hence both deserve scrutiny.

Supremely (adv) /suːpɹˈiːmli/

cực kỳ, hoàn toàn, hoàn toàn. Syn: extremely, completely, totally. Ex: F It is at this point that ‘Arson for Profit' becomes supremely relevant.

Presumably (adv) /pɹɪzjˈuːməbli/

seemingly, dường như. Syn: seemingly, apparently. Ex: That course is presumably all about means: how to detect and prosecute criminal activity.

Prosecute (n/v) /pɹˈɒsɪkjˌuːt/

accuse điện tích; phí; phụ trách ai đó với tội phạm và cố gắng cho thấy guilty court luật. Syn: —. Ex: That course is presumably all about means: how to detect and prosecute criminal activity.

Generalize (n/v) /d‍ʒˈɛnəɹə‍lˌa‍ɪz/

simplify, lấy; thực hiện rộng quan điểm. Syn: simplify, take a broad view. Ex: When I ask fire science students to articulate the end, or purpose, of their field, they eventually generalize to something like, ‘The safety and welfare of society,' which seems right.

Articulate (n/v) /ɑːtˈɪkjʊlˌe‍ɪt/

speak về. Syn: —. Ex: When I ask fire science students to articulate the end, or purpose, of their field, they eventually generalize to something like, ‘The safety and welfare of society,' which seems right.

Reckless (adj) /ɹˈɛkləs/

không chăm sóc hoặc lo lắng về có thể xấu hoặc nguy hiểm kết quả các hành động. Syn: —. Ex: As we have seen, someone could use the very same knowledge of means to achieve a much less noble end, such as personal profit via destructive, dangerous, reckless activity.

Fraud (n) /fɹˈɔːd/

tội phạm lừa dối người để đạt được vật/điều gì đó như tiền hoặc hàng hóa. Syn: scam, swindle, trick. Ex: We have another term for it: fraud.

Synthesis (n/v) /sˈɪnθəsˌɪs/

hỗn hợp, sự kết hợp. Syn: mixture, combination. Ex: The risks agriculture faces in developing countries Synthesis of an online debate A Two things distinguish food production from all other productive activities: first, every single person needs food each day and has a right to it; and second, it is hugely dependent on nature.

Distinguish (n/v) /dɪstˈɪŋɡwɪʃ/

differentiate. Syn: —. Ex: The risks agriculture faces in developing countries Synthesis of an online debate A Two things distinguish food production from all other productive activities: first, every single person needs food each day and has a right to it; and second, it is hugely dependent on nature.

Dependent (adj) /dɪpˈɛndənt/

reliant. Syn: —. Ex: The risks agriculture faces in developing countries Synthesis of an online debate A Two things distinguish food production from all other productive activities: first, every single person needs food each day and has a right to it; and second, it is hugely dependent on nature.

Vulnerable (adj) /vˈʌlnəɹəbə‍l/

dễ bị tổn thương. Syn: at risk, prone; Ant: invulnerable. Ex: These two unique aspects, one political, the other natural, make food production highly vulnerable and different from any other business.

Entrench (n/v) /ɛntɹˈɛnt‍ʃ/

thiết lập. Syn: —. Ex: At the same time, cultural values are highly entrenched in food and agricultural systems worldwide.

Volatility (n) /vˌɒlɐtˈɪlɪti/

unpredictability instability. Syn: —. Ex: B Farmers everywhere face major risks; including extreme weather, long-term climate change, and price volatility in input and product markets.

Adverse (adj) /advˈɜːs/

bất lợi; tiêu cực. Syn: unfavorable, poor, bad. Ex: However, smallholder farmers in developing countries must in addition deal with adverse environments, both natural, in terms of soil quality, rainfall, etc. and human, in terms of infrastructure, financial systems, markets, knowledge and technology.

Infrastructure (n) /ˈɪnfɹəstɹˌʌkt‍ʃə/

cơ bản hệ thống và cấu trúc quốc gia hoặc tổ chức nhu cầu để hoạt động; làm việc đúng cách, ví dụ đường, đường sắt, banks etc. Syn: —. Ex: However, smallholder farmers in developing countries must in addition deal with adverse environments, both natural, in terms of soil quality, rainfall, etc. and human, in terms of infrastructure, financial systems, markets, knowledge and technology.