Nutrition Exam 3

5% beer

12 oz

7% malt liquor

8-9 oz

12% wine

5 oz

40% hard alcohol

1.5 oz

US Standards

1 drink/day - females

2 drink/day - males

1st pass metabolism

the breakdown of alcohol done in the stomach by gastric ADH

ADH

alcohol dehydrogenase, converts alcohol to acetaldehyde

ALDH

acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, converts acetaldehyde to acetate

Hepatic ADH

liver secretion of alcohol dehydrogenase to convert alcohol into acetaldehyde

Binge drinking

4 drinks/setting for females, 5 for men

MEOS

microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system

1st pass metabolism

initial metabolism, small amount by stomach with gastric ADH and ALDH, less prevalent in females due to lack of enzyme

alcohol absorption factors

food, carbonation, sex differences

Asian populations

low activity from hepatic ALDH - acetaldehyde accumulates: increase in RR, HR, flushing, histamine release

MEOS enzyme

cytochrome p450 (in liver)

alcohol organ damage

Cancers (breast, colon/gut dysbiosis, liver, esophageal)

Respiratory infection risks

Heart is enlarged but myocardium muscles shrink in ventricles - contraction force drops

drop in bone density and muscle wasting

hepatitis

inflammation, damage to individual cells, starting point

Fibrosis

scaring, liver cells replaced with scar tissue

Ascites

Edema in abdominal cavity and portal vein impaired blood flow to liver

(hypertension increase pressure in vein so fluid enters BS then abdominal tissue)

Primary malnutrition

alcohol replacing food calorie consumption = 90-95% calories come from alcohol

secondary malnutrition

occurring based on damage and disfunction of organs

Coenzyme

a non protein molecule that binds to an enzyme in order to activate it, often vitamins

Thiamin

water soluble, creates TPP, rxns for Nts, DNA synthesis, found in whole grains, enriched cereals and pork

Thiamin deficiency

beri beri - dry: peripheral neuropathy, wet: vasodilation, edema, heart failure

polishing rice therefore lack of bran portion

Riboflavin

light sensitive (glass milk jugs), water sol, used for FAD synthesis in TCA, found in whole/enriched grains and milk

Riboflavin deficiency

Ariboflavinosis - dry skin @ corners of lips and swelling, hair loss, likely seen in vegan athletes

Niacin

water soluble, used for NAD synthesis, Coenzymes, can be made from AA tryptophan, found in meat, nuts, legumes, and grains

Niacin deficiency

pellagra - dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

excess. - flush, capillaries in face, tingling, can be used as a cholesterol lower drug

Pyridoxine

water sol, used in transamination, Nt synthesis, found in meat products, potatoes, starchy veggies, nuts/legumes

Pyridoxine deficiency

depression, confusion, mouth inflammation

Sulfur

not a vitamin, used for acid/base balance and detoxification, found in meat products, nuts/beans, NA excess/def

Choline

not a vitamin is a molecule, creates acetylcholine, phospholipid synthesis, found in eggs,

choline deficiency

VLDL, lipid accumulation - fatty liver - liver failure,

excess - fishy smell, vomiting

Iodine

thyroid hormone, brain development in fetus, obtained in soil, iodized salt and seaweed

Iodine deficiency

too much or too little leads to goiters/enlarged thyroid gland, cretinism seen in children if mom was deficient, inadequate brain/muscle development, stunting and cognitive growth

Pantothenic acid

synthesizing CoA, found in widespread foods, meats/whole grains

pantothenic acid

numbness/tingling/burning sensation - neuropathy issues

Biotin

needed for oxaloacetate synthesis, widespread sources and whole grains, nuts and seeds

Biotin deficiency

scaly skin, brittle nails, thin hair, severe could be seizures, alcoholics more susceptible

Chromium

promotes glucose uptake and helps with sensitivity to insulin, widespread sources like mushrooms, dark chocolate and prunes excess/def - rare/NA

Manganese

bone and cartilage synthesis, glyconeogensis, urea production, cholesterol synthesis, widespread sources, pineapple and whole grains

B vitamins & exercise

burning more calories and therefore need more baseline requirement, if excess its ok since they are water soluble

diets low in B vitamins

alcoholics, elderly people eating less diverse foods, homeless individuals