Developmental Locomotor Skills: Walking, Running, and Rate Limiters

What constraints are necessary for infants to begin creeping or crawling?

Enough strength, coordination to uncouple limbs, and a supportive crawling surface.

What is one type of locomotion used by infants defined as moving on hands and knees?

Creeping

What is walking defined by in terms of leg phasing relationship?

A 50% phasing relationship between the legs.

Which type of training is associated with an earlier onset of walking for infants with Down syndrome?

Treadmill training.

According to Barrett (1979), what principles are important for improving the observation of motor skills?

Analysis, planning, and positioning.

What type of constraint mainly changes walking patterns during adulthood?

Individual constraints.

Which body segments are most associated with the developmental sequence of running?

Arms and legs.

What is a rate limiter for the development of jumping?

Ability to develop enough force to bring the body into the air from a still position.

What type of gait does galloping require?

Asymmetrical gait.

What locomotor skill involves propelling oneself on one foot and landing on the other foot?

Leaping.

Which of the following is NOT a rate limiter for walking?

Feet size.

What is a characteristic of new walking?

Arms held in high guard.

What is the primary rate limiter for skipping?

Coordination.

What is the primary rate limiter for running?

None of the above.

What constraint is most likely influencing a child's motor behavior if they can't gallop during assessment but can later on the playground?

Task (rules).

What is the primary rate limiter for galloping?

Coordination.

What characteristic does a proficient walker have?

Oppositional movement of the upper and lower body.

What could be considered an individual constraint for hopping on one foot?

Strength.

What intervention promotes earlier onset of walking for infants with Down syndrome?

Treadmill intervention.

What role do rate limiters play in early walking?

They are individual constraints that slow the emergence of a motor skill.

What pattern does a skilled walker adopt to assist the full range of leg motion?

Double knee-lock pattern.

At what age do most children demonstrate the components of an advanced walk?

By age 2.

What is associated with changes in walking patterns for older adults?

Decreased step length, increased toe-out, and reduction in ankle extension.

What is a main difference between walking and running?

A flight phase is observed while running.

Do all adults eventually become efficient runners?

No, that statement is false.

What is the relationship between running and the generation of force?

Running requires greater generation of force.

What occurs when individuals propel themselves on one foot and land on the other foot?

Leaping.

When do researchers tend to focus on studying locomotor skills?

During childhood.

What component of walking remains the same throughout the life span?

Timing of walking.

Do crawling and creeping require the same motor control demands?

Yes, that statement is true.

Does cruising typically happen before crawling in infant motor development?

No, that statement is false.

What emerges from infrequent interactions between constraints during motor development?

The 'walking on all fours' pattern.

At what age does the ability to move the legs in an alternating pattern emerge?

From prenatal onward.

What is approximately the earliest age an infant might begin walking?

7 months.

What is a difference in walking patterns between younger and older women?

Older women show a shorter stride length.

What characteristic of walking changes in older men?

Stride length.

Which walking characteristic is shared by older adults and infants?

All of the above.

How does osteoarthritis (OA) affect walking?

It is a structural constraint.

How does fear of falling in walking act as a constraint?

It is a functional constraint.

What is the phasing relationship between the legs during running?

50%.