EDU 120- Test Two

Chapters 3,

crying is a form of…

communication

infant sleep at birth

~17 hours

infant sleep at 3 months

~16 hours

infant sleep at 6 months

~15 hours

infant sleep at 1 year

~12 hours

dreaming

occurs more in the first few weeks of life than any other time

SIDS

Sudden infant death syndrome

brain grows is measured by

head circumference

head-sparing

biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth

palmar reflex

placing a finger or stroking the inside of the infants PALM, the hand will close around it

Plantar reflex

finger is placed under the toes, the toes will curl

Moro reflex

sudden loud noise or unexpected movement, infant will extend the arms with palms up and then move the arms back to the body (sometimes they may cry)

rooting reflex

infants cheek or side of mouth is stroked; the head will turn towards it, and the infants mouth will open in an attempt to suck

Babinski reflex

bottom of the foot is stroked from the heel upward along the outward part of the foot, the big toe dorsiflexes (bends back) and the other toes fan or spread out

crawling reflex

infant is placed on the stomach and pressure is applied to the sole of the foot, the infant will attempt to push against the hand and move the arms and legs in a crawling like motion

step reflex

infant is held upright with legs and feet touching a surface, the infant will move the legs like taking steps or walking

tonic neck

aka. fencing reflex. Infants head is turned to a particular side, the leg and arm on that side will extend, while the leg and arm on the opposite side will flex

Newborn senses

sensory responsiveness is displayed through open eyes, ears, and responsible sensory organs

sensation

begins at birth; response of a sensory organ (eyes, ears, etc.) when stimulus is detected

perception

develops later with experience and culture; occurs when the brain is conscious of sensation or idea

perception brings _______ to sensation

meaning

hearing at birth

familiar, rhythmic sounds are soothing

newborns hearing

turn their head toward the source of voice; preference for prenatally heard language like a female/mothers voice

least mature sense at birth is…

seeing

experience for sight

allows visual cortex to begin perception; leads to binocular vision at around 13 weeks

smelling and tasting

both function at birth and rapidly adapt to the social world

touch

acute in infants; touch infants gently; newborns respond to being securely held and soon prefer specific touches

pain and temperature

often connected to touch; pain is less intense than adult pain but not absent altogether

motor skills

any deliberate movement of the body; starts with reflexes and inborn movements

gross motor skills

large body movements; every basic motor skill is developed in the first two years of life; course of development - cephalocaudal (head-down) and proximodistal (center-out) direction

sequence of emerging gross motor skills

sitting unsupported, standing holding on, crawling/creeping, standing not holding on, walking well, walking backward, running, jumping up

fine motor skills

small body movements; especially hands and fingers; ex. drawing, picking up a coin; shaped by culture and opportunity

sequence of emerging fine motor skills

grasping rattle, reaching to hold object, thumb and finger grasping, stacking two blocks, imitating vertical line

sensorimotor

Piaget’s first stage; senses and motor skills

infant brain

possesses inborn motivation to acquire information; develops particular brain connections provided by the personal world (specifics, habits, and preferences)

gaze-following

exhibited even by infants; a combination of innate predisposition and learned behavior; looking at another persons eyes and then looking at whatever that person is looking at

receptive language is higher or lower than expressive language

higher

early logic

early understanding of expectations; surprise response and merging sense of normalcy and anticipation; innate logical framework

core knowledge

basic understanding of gravity, object permanence, and significance of adult grazing signals; extends to social cues, leveraged to learn and develop rapidly

object permanence

milestone; understanding something still exist even if you can’t see it

how newborns learn

look at, listen tom suck on, grab, and taste everything

how toddlers learn

respond as taught; grit fosters learning; learn from watching adults struggle with task completion

join attention

occurs when two or more people look at, listen tom, or think about the same thing; considered a crucial aspect of cognition; understanding others’ point of view'

play is much more interrupted by a ______ _______ than by a person

cell phone

infant memory

capacity to learn evident before birth; crucial knowledge and skill acquisition

implicit memory

nonverbal memory for movements, emotions, or impulses; come from brain parts developed early in life: cerebellum, amygdala

explicit memory

verbal, accessible via words; longer to emerge; language dependent

Piaget’s “_____________” stage is evident to every careful observer

making interesting sights last

Piagets sensorimotor intelligence

senses and motor skills are raw materials for infant cognition

circular reaction

no beginning and no end to learn; interplay of sensation, perception, action, and cognition occurs in six stages, grouped in three pairs of circular reactions: primary, secondary, tertiary

primary circular reactions stage 1

birth to 1 month, reflexes - sucking, grasping, staring, listening

primary circular reactions stage 2

1-4 months, first acquired adaptations (does not require another person), assimilation and coordination of reflexes, sucking a pacifier differently from a nipple

secondary circular reaction stage 3

4-8 months, making interesting sights last, actively responding to people and objects

secondary circular reactions stage 4

8-12 months, new adaptation and anticipation, become more plan-full, deliberate, and purposeful in responding to people and objects

tertiary circular reactions stage 5

12-18 months, new means through active experimentation, experimentation and creativity in the actions of the “little scientist”

tertiary circular reactions stage 6

18-24 months, new means through mental combinations, considering before doing provides the child with new ways of achieving a goal without resorting to trial-and-error experiments, thinking before doing, deferred imitation

deferred imitation

copying something you’ve seen before

object permanence

~8 months, realization that objects still exists when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard,

listening and responding

baby responds through crying, producing sounds, and smiling; child directed speech

child-directed speech

universal; high pitched, simplified and receptive ways adults speak to infants; preference for voices over noises

babbling

repetition of a vowel and consent (ma ma ma); universal; extended repetition of certain syllables such as ba-ba-ba that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months

gesturing

before age 1, dialogue of give-and-take, passing an object back and forth may develop

first words

~1 year, we know it’s the first word based on context, becomes holophrase

holophrase

single word that carries a lot of meaning

naming explosion

start to understand that things have name; vocal builds rapidly after mastery of first 50 words

cultural differences

cultures and families vary in how much child-directed speech children hear,

putting words together

they don’t mix up syntax grammar includes all devices by which words communicate meaning

behaviorism

learning is acquired, step by step, through association and reinforcement

social impulses

infants are propelled to communicate and talk because humans are social beings dependent on one another for survival

genetically programmed

language learning arises from particular gene (FOXP2), brain maturation, and overall human impulse to imitate

neuroscience

language arises from many brain regions, contribution to hundreds of genes and areas; language is interrelated and complex

social smile

~6 weeks starts to develop, ~3 months its developed, evoked by viewing human faces, especially mother

developing emotions

birth - distress; contentment, 6 weeks - social smile, 3 months - laughter; curiosity, 4 months - full; responsive smiles, 4-8 months - anger, 9-14 months - fear of social events (strangers, separation from caregiver), 12 months - fear of unexpected sights and sounds, 18 months - self-awareness; pride; shame; embarrassment

sadness indicates…

withdrawal and is accompanied by increased production of cortisol

fear

depends on awareness of discrepancy, inborn temperament, and social experience; social fear increases from middle of first year

separation anxiety manifests in the form of…

clinging and crying when a familiar caregiver is about to leave

separation anxiety ages

typical at age 1, intensifies by age 2, and then usually subsides

stranger wariness

the fear of unfamiliar people

toddlers’ emotions

anger and fear become less frequent and more focused on what they fear or are angry at; laughing and crying become louder and more discriminating

self awareness

realization that ones body, mind, and activities are distinct from those of other people

temperamental traits are _______; personality traits are ______

genetic ; learned

types of temperament

easy, slow-to-warm-up, difficult

three dimensions of temperament

effortful control, negative mood, exuberant

effortful control

regulating attention and emotion, self-soothing

negative mood

fearful, angry, and unhappy

exuberant

active, social, and not shy

synchrony

coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

still-face technique

an experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant; babies are very upset by the still face and show signs of stress

attachment

lasting emotional bond that one person has with another; begins to form in early infancy and influences a person’s close relationships throughout life

strange situation

Mary Ainsworth, measures attachment, evokes infants’ reactions to the stress of various adults’ comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom

a secure toddler in the strange situation experiment does what?

plays happily, notices when the mother leaves and shows signs of missing her, welcomes the reappearance, seeking contact, and then plays again

signs of attachment

contact-maintaining, proximity-seeking

attachment type A

insecure-avoidant attachment

attachment type B

secure attachment

attachment type C

insecure-resistant/ ambivalent attachment

attachment type D

disorganized attachment

social referencing

seeking emotional responses or information from other people; observing someone else’s expressions and reactions and using the other person as a social reference

self-rule

autonomy versus shame and doubt stage; learning to eat by themselves by using utensils, putting shoes on, playing by themselves, etc

proximal parenting

caregiver practices that involve being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching

distal parenting

caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching