BIOL 2160 Exam 2 Study Guide: Key Terms & Definitions

A hydrophobic molecule

Which of the following will cross the membrane through simple diffusion?

Counteract diffusion

The energy required during active transport is needed to?

Increase

An increase in solute concentration will _______ energy.

There is more K+ outside the cell than inside

Which of the following is FALSE?

Into

In a normal cell at rest the electrical driving force wants to move K+ _____ the cell

Out of

In a normal cell at rest, the chemical driving force wants to move K+ ______ the cell.

The cell is more permeable to Na+ at rest than it ist to K+

If you were told that a given cell has a resting membrane potential of +40mV. What conclusion could you draw about the cell?

Chemical

In a normal cell at rest, which driving force has a strong effect on K+?

Move into the cell

For a normal cell, if the membrane potential were 0 mV, you would expect Na+ to:

Move into the cell

For a normal cell, if the membrane potential were -100 mV, you would expect K+ to:

The inside of the cell is 65 mV more negative than the outside

If a cell has a membrane potential of -65 mV, what does this mean?

Movement of glucose and Na+ into the cell

Which of the following is an example of cotransport?

A. Because Na+ is being moved against its concentration gradient

B. Because K is being moved against its concentration gradient

(Both A and B)

Why is energy needed for the Na+ / K+ ATPase?

Solution B

Solution A has a concentration of 8 M glucose. Solution B has a concentration of 3 M glucose. Which solution has more free water molecules?

True

True or False: Osmosis is always a passive process.

The intracellular solution is hyperosmotic to the extracellular solution

If a cell were placed in a solution and the mass of the cell increased, which of the following must be true?

The cell would shrivel up

If a cell with a 2M internal sucrose concentration were placed in a 5M sucrose solution, what would you expect to happen?

Phagocytosis

A non-specific, large, solid molecule would most likely enter the cell through which process?

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Some depression medications block which process?

All of the above

Which of the following is an example of a passive transport mechanism?

Hormones

Which of the following chemical messengers travels the greatest distance?

Hydrophobic messengers

Which of the following will most likely be bound to carrier proteins int he bloodstream?

Inside the cell

Where would you expect to find a receptor for a hydrophic messenger?

Specificity

_________ is a measure of how many ligands a particular receptor binds to.

Antagonist

A ligand that binds a receptor and dows not cause a biological response is called:

False

True or False: Neurotransmitters enter the bloodstream.

Enzyme linked receptor

A receptor that has kinase activity is most likely _______.

Delta

Which of the following is NOT one of the subunits of a typical G protein?

GTP

An activated G protein will have _____ bound to it. (Repeated Question)

G protein-regulated ion channels

Which of the following ion channels typically stay open longest?

Change in protein synthesis

The most common cellular response for lipophilic hormone is:

Neurotransmitters are only produced by neurons

How are neurotransmitters different than paracrines?

Inside the cell

Where would you expect to find a receptor for a steroid hormone?

Gap junctions

Movement of ions form one cell to the next most likely occurs through:

Increase production of p21 in damaged cells

p53 is a transcription factor that does what?

A. They have increased production of actin microfilaments

B. They lose the ability to grow un-attached to the basal lamina

A and B only

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a transformed cancer cell?

Weight differences, i.e. post-menopausal American women are substantially heavier than Asian women

According to the article "John Rock's Error", what factors most greatly contributed to the substantially lower incidence of breast cancer among Asian women when compared to American women?

Progesterone

Which of the following hormones, in healthy women, prevents ovulation and establishes pre- and post- menstrual "safe" period?

3.5-4

Strassman's research on the Dogon tribe in Mali concluded that the women in this tribe menstruate, on average, _______ times less than Western women of the same age.

5-6

How many mutations are needed for most cancers to occur?

A viral protein causes dimerization of PDGF receptors

How does HPV cause cervical cancer?

Ras^D hydrolyzes GTP too quickly

How does RasD function differently from Ras?

More

Tissues that secrete inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes will be ______ resistant to metastasis.

E5

Which HPV protein can bind to PDGF receptors, causing sustained cell division?

Prevent development of new blood vessels

Anti-angiogenesis drugs are used to do which of the following?

Because it is the only checkpoint that occurs before DNA replication

Why is the G1 checkpoint in the cell cycle so important?

Blocks estrogen receptors

What does Tamoxifen do?

To stimulate red blood cell division

Why are cancer patients sometimes given erythropoietin?