Chapter 6: Energy & Metabolism

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58 Terms

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What is energy?

the capacity to do work

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What is kinetic energy?

energy of motion

<p>energy of motion</p>
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What is potential energy?

stored energy

<p>stored energy</p>
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What is chemical energy?

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

<p>potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction</p>
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What is mechanical energy?

the total energy of motion and position of an object

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What is radiant energy?

energy from the sun

<p>energy from the sun</p>
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What is electrical energy?

energy of moving electrons

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What is thermal energy?

kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

<p>kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules</p>
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What is thermodynamics?

the study of energy transformations

<p>the study of energy transformations</p>
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What is the first law of thermodynamics concerned with?

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

<p>Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.</p>
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What is the second law of thermodynamics concerned with?

when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes. Not 100% efficient, some escapes as thermal energy from and area of high heat to low heat.

increases in the entropy of a system, unless work is inputed.

<p>when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes. Not 100% efficient, some escapes as thermal energy from and area of high heat to low heat. </p><p>increases in the entropy of a system, unless work is inputed.</p>
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What is entropy?

A measure of disorder or randomness.

<p>A measure of disorder or randomness.</p>
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Describe Gibb's free energy

a thermodynamic quantity equal to the enthalpy (of a system or process) minus the product of the entropy and the absolute temperature.

<p>a thermodynamic quantity equal to the enthalpy (of a system or process) minus the product of the entropy and the absolute temperature.</p>
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What does negative delta G represent?

1. products have less free energy than reactants; the product are favored (forward reaction)

2. the reaction occurs spontaneously; energetically favorable

3. Exergonic reaction

<p>1. products have less free energy than reactants; the product are favored (forward reaction)</p><p>2. the reaction occurs spontaneously; energetically favorable </p><p>3. Exergonic reaction</p>
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What does positive delta G represent?

1. reactants have less free energy than products; the reactant are favored (reverse reaction)

2. the reaction DOES NOT occur spontaneously; energetically UNfavorable; requires a large input of energy

3. Endergonic reaction

<p>1. reactants have less free energy than products; the reactant are favored (reverse reaction)</p><p>2. the reaction DOES NOT occur spontaneously; energetically UNfavorable; requires a large input of energy </p><p>3. Endergonic reaction</p>
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Describe spontaneous reactions

a reaction that can occur without the input of energy (on it's own). This term does not imply that the reaction occurs quickly or instantaneously. e.g. Rusting of metal is a spontaneous process but occurs over a long period of time.

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What reactions have a positive delta G and energy is gained?

Endergonic reactions

<p>Endergonic reactions</p>
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With a delta G of -7 kJ/mol, what reaction is this?

Exergonic reaction

<p>Exergonic reaction</p>
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With a delta G of +7 kJ/mol, what reaction is this?

Endergonic

<p>Endergonic</p>
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What are the reactants?

elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

<p>elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction</p>
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What are the products?

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

<p>The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.</p>
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What is activation energy?

the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

<p>the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction</p>
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What is a catalyst?

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

<p>substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction</p>
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What macromolecule makes up most enzymes?

proteins

<p>proteins</p>
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What is a type of biological catalyst?

enzymes

<p>enzymes</p>
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What is an enzyme?

a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

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What structures are on an enzyme?

active site and allosteric site

<p>active site and allosteric site</p>
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What is the active site?

Specific part of an enzyme where a substrate fits

<p>Specific part of an enzyme where a substrate fits</p>
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What is a substrate?

the substance on which an enzyme acts

<p>the substance on which an enzyme acts</p>
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How does an enzyme work as a catalyst?

By lowering activation energy

<p>By lowering activation energy</p>
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What is the induced fit model?

the active site molds around the substrate to form the enzyme-substrate complex.

<p>the active site molds around the substrate to form the enzyme-substrate complex.</p>
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How does the enzyme lower activation energy?

by straining bonds in the substrate and lining up substrates correctly

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What factors affect enzyme activity?

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, regulatory bind agents

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How does pH affect enzyme activity?

*At a specific pH the shape of the active site best facilitates the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex*

Any deviation will disrupt ionic and hydrogen bonds, a further change will cause the enzyme to become denatured

<p>*At a specific pH the shape of the active site best facilitates the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex*</p><p>Any deviation will disrupt ionic and hydrogen bonds, a further change will cause the enzyme to become denatured</p>
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How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

1. increases chance of enzyme substrate collisions so enzyme activity increases as temperature increases; therefore rate of enzyme activity increases

2. BUT too much increased molecular motion leads to disruption of intermolecular interactions; leading to decreased activity;

until enzyme is completely denatured;

<p>1. increases chance of enzyme substrate collisions so enzyme activity increases as temperature increases; therefore rate of enzyme activity increases</p><p>2. BUT too much increased molecular motion leads to disruption of intermolecular interactions; leading to decreased activity;</p><p>until enzyme is completely denatured;</p>
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What does denaturation mean?

loss of normal shape by an enzyme so that it no longer functions

<p>loss of normal shape by an enzyme so that it no longer functions</p>
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How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?

Increasing substrate concentration increases enzyme activity until all enzyme active sites are saturated, then the rate levels off.

<p>Increasing substrate concentration increases enzyme activity until all enzyme active sites are saturated, then the rate levels off.</p>
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How does enzyme concentration affect enzyme activity?

Increasing enzyme concentration increases enzyme activity as long as enough substrate is available.

<p>Increasing enzyme concentration increases enzyme activity as long as enough substrate is available.</p>
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What is a cofactor?

a non protein part of the enzyme that some enzymes require to be active

<p>a non protein part of the enzyme that some enzymes require to be active</p>
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What is a competitive inhibitor?

a molecule that competes with the substrate to bind in the active site of an enzyme.

<p>a molecule that competes with the substrate to bind in the active site of an enzyme.</p>
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What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?

A molecule that binds to an allosteric site and prevents the proper functioning of an enzyme

<p>A molecule that binds to an allosteric site and prevents the proper functioning of an enzyme</p>
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What is a coenzyme?

an organic nonprotein helper for catalytic reactions.

<p>an organic nonprotein helper for catalytic reactions.</p>
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What is feedback inhibition?

When the product of a reaction near the end of a chain of reactions inhibits the function of an enzyme in an earlier reaction of the chain.

<p>When the product of a reaction near the end of a chain of reactions inhibits the function of an enzyme in an earlier reaction of the chain.</p>
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multienzyme complex

complexes is when subunits work together to form molecular machine, product can be easily delivered, unwanted side reactions do not occur, and all reactions are controlled as a unit

<p>complexes is when subunits work together to form molecular machine, product can be easily delivered, unwanted side reactions do not occur, and all reactions are controlled as a unit</p>
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What is redox reaction?

the movement of electrons from one molecule to another

an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction

<p>the movement of electrons from one molecule to another</p><p>an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction</p>
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What is oxidation?

loss of electrons

<p>loss of electrons</p>
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What is reduction?

gain of electrons

<p>gain of electrons</p>
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What is a reducing agent?

substance that loses electrons; electron donor; becomes oxidized

<p>substance that loses electrons; electron donor; becomes oxidized</p>
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What is an oxidizing agent?

substance that gains electrons; electron acceptor; becomes reduced

<p>substance that gains electrons; electron acceptor; becomes reduced</p>
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Describe the structure of ATP.

Type of nucleotide.

Pentose sugar is ribose.

Nitrogenous base always adenine.

3 phosphate groups.

Universal energy currency.

<p>Type of nucleotide.</p><p>Pentose sugar is ribose.</p><p>Nitrogenous base always adenine.</p><p>3 phosphate groups.</p><p>Universal energy currency.</p>
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How does ATP release energy?

When the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate bond is broken

<p>When the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate bond is broken</p>
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Describe how ATP is broken down

ATP (+ water) → ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + Pi (inorganic phosphate)

<p>ATP (+ water) → ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + Pi (inorganic phosphate)</p>
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What is energy coupling?

the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction (such as ATP hydrolysis) to drive an endergonic reaction

<p>the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction (such as ATP hydrolysis) to drive an endergonic reaction</p>
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What is metabolism?

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

<p>the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.</p>
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What is catabolism?

breaking down molecules

<p>breaking down molecules</p>
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What is anabolism?

building up molecules

<p>building up molecules</p>
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Are condensation reactions anabolic or catabolic?

anabolic

<p>anabolic</p>
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Are hydrolysis reactions anabolic or catabolic?

catabolic

<p>catabolic</p>