2B flashcards

Thinking

Using information to understand, solve problems, and make decisions.

Concept

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, or ideas.

Prototype

The best example of a particular concept.

Algorithm

A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution.

Heuristic

A mental shortcut that helps make quick decisions.

Insight

Suddenly understanding the solution to a problem

Fixation

Getting stuck using one way of thinking.

Mental set

Using a solution that worked before, even when it doesn't work now.

Functional fixedness

Seeing an object only in its usual purpose.

Confirmation bias

Looking for information that supports what you already believe.

Availability heuristic

Judging something based on how easily examples come to mind

Representativeness heuristic

Judging something based on how much it matches a typical example.

Overconfidence

Being more confident in your knowledge than you should be.

Framing

How information is presented affects decisions.

Intelligence

The ability to learn, understand, solve problems, and adapt.

Charles Spearman

Believed intelligence comes from one general ability called g.

Howard Gardner

Proposed multiple intelligences, such as musical, logical, and interpersonal abilities

Robert Sternberg

Proposed three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.

Raymond Cattell

Identified two types

Fluid intelligence

Solving new problems.

Alfred Binet

Developed an early intelligence test to identify students needing extra educational support.

Lewis Terman

Adapted Binet's test into the Stanford-Binet intelligence test.

Intelligence test

Measures a person's mental abilities.

IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

A score representing measured intellectual ability.

Standardization

Giving everyone the same testing conditions.

Reliability

A test produces consistent results.

Validity

A test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Normal curve

A bell-shaped pattern showing how scores are distributed.

Average IQ

100

Deviation IQ

Compares someone's score with others of the same age.

Cultural bias

Tests may favor people from certain cultural backgrounds.

Stereotype threat

Fear of confirming a negative stereotype can affect performance.

Nature vs. nurture

Intelligence is influenced by both genetics and environment.

Test anxiety

Stress can affect test performance.

Quantitative assessment

Uses numbers and scores to measure intelligence.

Qualitative assessment

Uses observations, interviews, and descriptions to understand abilities.

Misuse of testing

Intelligence scores should not define someone's entire ability or potential.

Academic achievement

What a student has learned and accomplished in school.

Achievement test

Measures knowledge and skills already learned.

Aptitude test

Predicts how well someone may perform or learn in the future.

Intelligence

Measures general mental abilities

Academic achievement

Measures actual school performance.