TOPIC 3: ONE PAST BUT MANY HISTORIES

Comprehensive vocabulary study set reviewing key historical terms, figures, events, and dates from Philippine history covering the Magellan expedition, Cavite Mutiny, and the Cry of the Katipunan.

Antonio Pigafetta

Italian scholar and chronicler (also recorded as Antonio Lombardo / Francisco Antonio Pigafetta) who wrote the most complete primary account of Magellan's expedition.

Primo viaggio intorno al mondo

The title of Antonio Pigafetta's primary account (meaning 'First Voyage Around the World') detailing the 1519–1522 expedition.

Victoria

The only vessel among Magellan's fleet to survive the full journey and successfully circumnavigate the globe back to Spain.

Trinidad

The flagship vessel commanded directly by Ferdinand Magellan during the expedition.

18 survivors

The total number of crew members who survived and returned to Spain aboard the Victoria.

March 31, 1521

The exact date when the first Holy Mass was celebrated in the Philippines.

Feast of Easter Sunday

The religious holiday during which the first Holy Mass was held in the Philippines.

Mazaua

The term recorded in Antonio Pigafetta's account identifying the venue of the first Mass.

Rajah Kulambu

The ruler of Limasawa who entered into a blood compact with Ferdinand Magellan.

A basket of ginger and a gold bar

The gift presented by Rajah Kulambu which was refused by Ferdinand Magellan.

Santo Niño

The sacred image given by Magellan to the natives during their baptism ceremony in Cebu.

Masao

The specific site located in Butuan, Agusan del Norte claiming to be the true location of the first Mass according to church traditions.

Balanghay boats

Excavated pre-colonial wooden vessels discovered in Butuan that serve as historical evidence for early Filipino civilization.

Francisco Albo

The logbook keeper for Magellan's fleet whose primary account is examined alongside Pigafetta's to identify the site of the first Mass.

Miguel A. Bernad

The author of the historical reexamination study titled 'Butuan or Limasawa? The Site of the First Mass in the Philippines: A Reexamination of the Evidence'.

January 20, 1872

The exact date when the Cavite Mutiny erupted.

Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo

The Spanish governor-general whose oppressive policies and revocation of worker privileges provoked the Cavite Mutiny.

Fort San Felipe

The military arsenal and fort in Cavite where the mutiny took place.

Mutine

The linguistic root of the word 'mutiny,' meaning 'revolt'.

Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera

The Filipino scholar and researcher who documented the Filipino perspective and interpretation of the Cavite Mutiny.

Around 200 soldiers and laborers

The approximate number of native participants who rose up in the Cavite Mutiny.

GOMBURZA

The collective acronym for Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, three secular priests executed for alleged treason and sedition.

Garrote

The strangulation execution instrument used on Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora on February 17, 1872.

Jose Montero y Vidal

The Spanish historian whose written account of the Cavite Mutiny framed the event as a vast conspiracy to overthrow Spanish sovereignty.

Feast of the Virgin of Loreto

The religious feast in Sampaloc, Manila, whose fireworks were mistook by the Cavite mutineers as the agreed signal to attack.

Sergeant Lamadrid

The military sergeant who served as the leader of the 200 mutineers during the Cavite Mutiny.

Jose Rizal

The Filipino national hero who was inspired and deeply influenced as a boy by the 1872 martyrdom of GOMBURZA.

Andres Bonifacio

The founder of the secret revolutionary society known as the Katipunan, titled the 'Father of Katipunan'.

Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan

The complete Tagalog name of the secret revolutionary organization founded by Andres Bonifacio, abbreviated as KKK.

The Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Lawin

The historic August 1896 event that signaled the official outbreak of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule.

Cedula

The Spanish tax identification document that Katipuneros tore up to symbolize their rejection of Spanish authority.

August 25, 1896

The date of the Cry according to the account written by Spanish Lieutenant Olegario Diaz.

Kangkong, Balintawak

The specific location of the Cry according to the historical account of Teodoro Kalaw.

Bahay Toro, Quezon City

The place where the Cry took place on August 24, 1896, according to revolutionary leader Santiago Alvarez.

Pugad Lawin

The location where the Cry occurred on August 23, 1896, according to the memoirs of Dr. Pio Valenzuela.

Teodoro Agoncillo

The Filipino historian whose account identifying the Cry at Pugad Lawin was based on Dr. Pio Valenzuela's statements.

1962

The year when the official Philippine government commemoration of the Cry was moved to August 23 at Pugad Lawin.

Ambeth Ocampo

The historian and columnist cited regarding debates and historical evidence over the date and venue of the Cry.

Maluku Island

The original spice destination (Moluccas / Spice Islands) sought by Ferdinand Magellan's expedition.

5 ships

The total number of vessels in Magellan's original fleet upon departing Spain.

270 men

The total initial headcount of crew members participating in Magellan's voyage.

San Antonio

One of the five original vessels in Magellan's fleet, alongside Trinidad, Victoria, Concepcion, and Santiago.

Bust of Christ as Ecce Homo

The supplementary religious sculpture presented by Ferdinand Magellan during the Cebu baptism alongside the Santo Niño.

April 14, 1521

The exact date when the first Christian baptism was performed in the Philippines.

Abolition of privileges

The immediate cause of the Cavite Mutiny under the Filipino perspective, specifically the revocation of native exemptions from tribute and polo y servicio.

Native clergy

The secular Filipino priesthood whose movement for secularization was suppressed by Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo following the mutiny.

1896

The calendar year during which the Philippine Revolution commenced.

June 12

The annual date commemorated as Philippine Independence Day.

Limasawa, Leyte

The geographic site officially recognized by Philippine national historical commissions as the venue of the First Holy Mass.

First clash between Katipuneros and Civil Guards

The original historical event referred to by the term 'Cry' prior to its association with the tearing of tax receipts.