Cardio-Vascular System. Blood, heart and circulation.

• what is blood

• name 4 functions of the blood

• what does it transport ? (4)

• a fluid connective tissue

• protection, transportation, regulation (homeostasis), clotting

• nutrients, hormones, waste, oxygen

what 4 components is blood made out of?

• RBC

• WBC

• Platelets

• Plasma

What percentage of blood volume is plasma, and what percentage of plasma is water?

plasma makes up 55% of blood volume and is 90% water

What are the three main types of plasma proteins and their functions?

• globulins- immunity

• albumins- maintain osmotic pressure which keeps the plasma fluid in circulation

• clotting factors

• whats the most common blood cell

• what’s their name for it

• RBC

• erythrocytes

• where are RBC produced

• what is their function

• what gives it the red colour

• how are red blood cells adapted to transport oxygen

• bone marrow

• transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide

• haemoglobin

• they are biconcave and don’t have a nucleus or mitochondria which increases the surface area for haemoglobin

• what other name do WBC’s have

• what is their function

• leukocytes

• immune defence, they protect the body from infection and disease by engulfing and destroying pathogens

• 2 types of WBC’s and their function

• neutrophils- phagocytosis, they engulf and destroy pathogens

• lymphocytes- release antibodies and neutralise toxins

• what are platelets

• their function

• where are they produced

• small cell fragments

• help blood clot and prevent excessive blood loss

• bone marrow

name for

• low blood platelet count

• high blood platelet count

• thrombocytopenia

• thrombocytosis

• 2 ways that clotting protects the body

• prevents blood loss and creates a barrier against infection

What are the four phases of blood clotting, and what happens during each?

• vasoconstrictive phase- blood vessels contract and reduce blood flow to the affected area

• platelet plug formation- platelets stick to the damaged vessel wall, aggregeate together, release chemical messengers which forms a temporary plug

• coagulation- fibrin forms a mesh like cover over the injury site and forms a stronger clot

• thrombolysis- plasmin breaks down the fibrin and removes the clot, allowing the vessel to be repaired

• 3 functions of the heart

• what are the 3 layers surrounding the heart and their function

• pump blood around the body, ensure blood flow stays in one direction, helps maintain blood pressure

• pericardium- fibrous sac that covers the heart, has two layers; perietal and visceral layer

• myocardium- specialised cardiac muscle, involuntary contracts to pump blood

• endocardium- thin, smooth membrane that lines the inside of the heart

• The septum separates the left and right sides of the heart. What are its two parts, and what is the function of each?

• interatrial septum- separates the left and right atria

• interventicular septum- seperates the left and right ventricles

3 structural features of an artery

• open lumen- space inside the artery where the blood flows

• elastic walls- stretch and recoil as the blood flows through it

• smooth inner lining- allows blood to flow smoothly along the vessel

How do electrical impulses control the heart?

• specialised cells in the myocardium generate and conduct electrical impulses, causing the cardiac muscle to contract in a synchronised way.

describe the location of the heart

• the heart rests near the mid line of the thoracic cavity, it lies obliquely in the mediastinum slightly to the left.

• what is anaemia

• symptoms of anaemia

• what causes anaemia

• what can sever anaemia lead to (2)

• a blood disorder where the bodies ability to transport oxygen is decreased due to lack of red blood cells.

• weakness, cold hands and feet, dizziness or lightheadedness, fatigue

• low red blood cell count and abnormal haemoglobin

• autoimmune disease or cancer