Personality Pysch Exam 1 (Freud, Jung, Adler, & Horney)

What primarily drives personality in Freud's theory?

Unconscious instincts, especially sexual and aggressive drives.

What are Freud's two major instincts?

Life instincts and death instincts.

What does Freud's life instinct seek?

Survival, preservation, basic needs, and sexual gratification.

What is libido?

The original sexual drive associated with the life instinct.

What does Freud's death instinct involve?

A drive toward balance, aggression, and an unconscious desire for death.

Which of Freud’s instincts generally trumps the other?

The life instinct generally trumps the death instinct.

What is psychoanalysis?

Uncovering unconscious material and learning to deal with it.

What is Freud's conscious mind?

Mental material you are currently aware of.

What is Freud's preconscious?

Material outside awareness that can become conscious when accessed.

What is Freud's unconscious?

Mental material outside conscious awareness.

What is the Id?

The innate, pleasure-seeking part of personality.

What is the Ego?

The realistic mediator between the Id and Superego.

What is the Superego?

The perfectionistic, self-critical part shaped by values and parenting.

What is realistic anxiety?

Fear of dangers from the external world.

What is neurotic anxiety?

Fear that the Id's instincts will become uncontrollable.

What is moral anxiety?

Anxiety from violating one's conscience or moral standards.

What are Freud's five psychosexual stages?

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

What causes fixation in Freud's theory?

Significant trauma or conflict during a psychosexual stage.

What is oral fixation?

Fixation involving oral pleasure, such as chewing or smoking.

What is anal fixation?

Fixation involving control, retention, or releasing behaviors.

What is phallic fixation?

Fixation associated with narcissism, vanity, and excessive pride.

What happens during Freud's latency stage?

Sexual drives become relatively dormant until puberty.

What is maladaptive behavior?

Unhealthy behavior resulting from unresolved conflicts or fixations.

What are defense mechanisms?

Strategies that protect people from psychological pain.

What is repression?

Unconsciously banishing painful memories from consciousness.

What is suppression?

Consciously choosing not to think about anxiety-provoking thoughts.

What is denial?

Refusing to recognize or accept an unpleasant reality.

What is rationalization?

Creating excuses to justify maladaptive behavior.

What is displacement?

Redirecting anger or emotion toward a substitute target.

What is sublimation?

Redirecting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behavior.

What is regression?

Returning to less mature patterns of behavior.

What is projection?

Attributing your own undesirable traits to someone else.

What is reaction formation?

Expressing the opposite of an unacceptable feeling or trait.

What is intellectualization?

Using elaborate reasoning to distance yourself from painful feelings.

What is undoing?

Performing an act to cancel or make amends for another act.

What are Freud's four assessment techniques?

Free association, dream analysis, resistance, and transference.

What is free association?

Reporting whatever thoughts come to mind without restriction.

What is dream analysis?

Interpreting dreams to uncover unconscious meanings.

What is resistance?

Unwillingness to disclose painful or threatening material.

What is transference?

Redirecting feelings toward parents onto the therapist.

What is Jung's term for the total personality?

The psyche.

What does Jung's psyche include?

All interacting systems accounting for mental life and behavior.

What is psychic energy?

Energy that continuously flows between consciousness and unconsciousness.

What is Jung's goal of self-realization?

Integrating all aspects of the psyche to fulfill one's potential.

What is individuation?

Becoming the unique person one is capable of becoming.

How did Jung view personality development?

As a lifelong process influenced by past events and future goals.

What is Jung's ego?

The center of consciousness that unifies conscious experiences.

What is Jung's personal unconscious?

Forgotten experiences that can influence behavior under certain conditions.

What is Jung's collective unconscious?

Inherited storehouse of ancestral memories, instincts, and archetypes.

What is an archetype?

A universal theme or symbol that can influence behavior.

What are Jung's four major archetypes?

Persona, Shadow, Anima/Animus, and Self.

What is the Persona?

The social role used to meet the demands or expectations of others.

What is the Shadow?

The inferior, evil and repulsive side of human nature, parts of ourselves that the conscious mind rejects.

What is the Anima?

The feminine archetype within a man.

What is the Animus?

The masculine archetype within a woman.

What is Jung's Self archetype?

The drive toward realizing one's complete potential and true nature.

What are Jung's two fundamental attitudes?

Extraversion and introversion.

What is extraversion for Jung?

An outgoing and relatively confident approach to life.

What is introversion for Jung?

A retiring and reflective approach to life.

What are Jung's four psychological functions?

Sensing, thinking, feeling, and intuiting.

What is sensing?

Focusing on concrete, present sensory experience.

What is thinking?

Understanding events through reason and logic.

What is feeling?

Evaluating events as good or bad.

What is intuiting?

Using hunches and focusing on possibilities and the future.

Which Jungian functions are rational?

Thinking and feeling.

Which Jungian functions are irrational?

Sensation and intuition.

What is the MBTI?

A self-report measure based on Jung's psychological preferences.

How does Freud differ from Jung on development?

Freud emphasized early childhood; Jung emphasized lifelong development.

What did Adler call his approach to personality?

Individual psychology.

What does individual psychology focus on?

The whole person as an indivisible, organized entity.

What was central to Adler's personality theory?

Feelings of inferiority and the need to compensate for them.

What is organ inferiority?

A physical weakness that may lead to compensatory striving.

What determines whether inferiority becomes harmful?

The person's attitude toward the limitation.

What is compensation?

Using a perceived weakness as motivation to develop strength.

What is overcompensation?

Exaggerated attempts to overcome inferiority by acting superior.

What is masculine protest?

Compensating for inferiority by acting as though superior to others.

What is teleology?

The belief that behavior is directed toward future goals. (Adler)

How did Adler's motivation differ from Freud's?

Adler emphasized goals and purpose rather than sexual instincts.

What is Adler's ultimate goal of striving?

Superiority, meaning striving toward perfection.

What are Adler's two paths to superiority?

Constructive and destructive.

What is constructive striving?

Healthy compensation that helps develop one's abilities.

What is destructive striving?

Seeking personal superiority at the expense of others.

What two factors strongly guide Adlerian personality development?

Parenting and birth order.

What are birth-order effects?

Differences in parental treatment based partly on birth order.

What three factors contribute to destructive lifestyles?

Organ inferiority, neglect or rejection, and pampering.

What is Adler's ruling type?

Seeks personal superiority by exploiting or controlling others.

What is Adler's getting type?

Relies indiscriminately on others to achieve personal goals.

What is Adler's avoiding type?

Avoids problems because of insufficient confidence to confront them.

What is Adler's socially useful type?

Courageously solves problems while showing social interest.

What is a constructive lifestyle?

A lifestyle involving respect, cooperation, and social interest.

What are Adler's three major assessment techniques?

Early recollections, dream analysis, and birth-order analysis.

What was Adler's main goal for therapy?

Replace mistaken beliefs and faulty goals with healthier ones.

How did Adler view social relationships?

People can only be understood through participation in society.

What did Horney believe caused neurosis?

Disturbed human relationships and unhealthy social experiences.

What did Horney emphasize in personality development?

Socialization, culture, biology, and interpersonal conditions.

What is hypercompetitiveness?

Pursuing success at any cost to increase self-worth.

What is competitive avoidance?

Restricting competition because of fear of losing approval or affection.

What is healthy competitiveness for Horney?

Competition focused on self-improvement, mastery, and self-discovery.

What causes basic anxiety according to Horney?

Negative parenting that makes children feel isolated and helpless.

What is basic anxiety?

Feeling isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world.