NC chap 44

pediatrics

The type of seizures characterized by a brief lapse of attention in which the pt may stare and not respond

Absence seizures

A decrease in the amount of oxygen delivered to the extremities. The hands and feet turn blue because of narrowing (constriction) of small arterioles towards the end of the arms and legs

acrocyanosis

an unusual form of seizures that occurs in association with a rapid increase in body temp

atypical febrile seizures

a method of delivering oxygen by holding a face mask or similar device near an infant’s or a child’s face; used when a nonrebreathing make is not sufficient

blow-by technique

an unexpected sudden episode of colour change, tone change, or apnea that may require mouth-to-mouth resuscitation or vigorous stimulation

brief resolved unexplained event

a condition seen in children younger than 2 years, characterized by dyspnea and wheezing

bronchiolitis

a catheter inserted into the vena cava to permit intermittent or continuous monitoring of central venous pressure and to facilitate medication administration and obtaining blood samples for chemical analysis

central venous catheter

tubes that drain fluid manufactured in the ventricles of the brain from the subarachnoid space to another part of the body outside of the brain, such as the peritoneum; to lower pressure in the brain

cerebrospinal fluid shunt

A common disease of childhood characterized by a barking cough and wheezing due to inflammation of the larynx and upper airway

croup

a blue gray skin colour that is caused by reduced levels of oxygen in the blood

cyanosis

inflammation of the epiglottis resulting in stridor and difficulty breahting

epiglottitis

focal seizures that involve a motor or sensory abnormality in a pt who remains responsive

focal aware seizures

seizures characterized by alteration of consciousness with or without complex focal motor activity

focal impaired awareness seizures.

the seizures characterized by a loss of consciousness and manifestations that indicate involvement of both cerebral hemispheres

generalized seizures

a short low-pitched guttural sound at the end of exhalation, presents in young children with moderate to severe hypoxia; reflects poor gas exchange because of fluid in the lower airway and air sacs

grunting

a short increased work of breathing in which the head lifts and tilts back during inspiration, and then moves forward during expiration

head bobbing

the increased accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain

hydrocephalus

an inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord; it is usually caused by a virus or bacteria

meningitis

blue grey areas of discoloration of the skin caused by abnormal pigment not by bruising or trauma

Mongolian spots

a blotchy pattern on the skin caused by vasoconstriction or inadequate circulation; a typical finding in states of severe protracted hypoperfusion and shock

Mottling

the flaring of the nostrils with each inspiration, indicating increased work of breathing and hypoxia

nasal flaring

The first month of life

neonatal period

a stiff or painful neck, commonly associated with meningitis

nuchal rigidity

Blunted alertness and diminished interaction with the environment

Obtunded

areas where the cartilage is transformed through calcification into a new area of the bone

ossification centers

inflammation of the bone due to infection; a potential rare complication of intraosseous infusion

osteomyelitis

Lack of colour; paleness

pallor

An assessment tool that allows rapid formation of a general impression of the type and level of illness or injury in an infant without touching him or her; consists of assessing appearance, work of breathing, and circulation to the skin

pediatric assessment triangle

characterized by small, purple, nonbleaching spots on the skin

Petechial

pertaining to bruising of the skin; characterized by large purple or black spots

purpuric

the absence of respirations with detectable cardiac activity

respiratory arrest

A clinical state characterized by increased respiratory rate, effort, and work of breathing

respiratory distress

A clinical state of inadequate oxygenation, ventilation or both

respiratory failure

A labile paramyxovirus that produces its characteristic fusion of human cells in a tissue culture known as the syncytial effect. two subtypes, A and B have been identified. RSV can affect both the upper and lower respiratory tracts but it is more prevalent with the lower, causing pneumonias and bronchiolitis

respiratory syncytial virus

drawing in the intercostal muscles and the muscles above the clavicles during respiratory distress

retractions

A course, low- pitched breath sound heard in patients who have chronic mucus in the airways (plural is rhonchi)

Rhonchus

A pathologic state, usually in a febrile patient, resulting from the presence of invading microorganisms or their poisonous products in the blood stream

Sepsis

A syndrome seen in abused infants and children; the pt has been subjected to violent, whiplash-type shaking injuries inflicted by the abusing person that may cause coma, seizures, and increased intercranial pressure due to the tearing of the cerebral veins with consequent bleeding into the brain

Shaken baby Syndrome

A brief, self limited, generalized seizure in a previously healthy child between the ages of 6 months and 6 years that is associated with the onset of or sudden increase in fever

simple febrile seizures

a rapid heart rhythm originating from the sinoatrial node, with a heart rate greater than 100 b/min

sinus tachycardia

an upright position in which the patients head and chin are thrust forward slightly to keep the airway open; appears to be sniffing

sniffing position

A condition in which seizures recur every few minutes, or last more than 20-30 minutes

status epilepticus

an orifice, especially an artificially created opening, such as that made by tracheostomy, that connects any hollow entity (trachea, bowel, etc) to the outside air

stoma

a harsh, high pitched, crowing inspiratory sound, such as the sound often heard in acute laryngeal obstruction

stridor

the portion of the airway located below the vocal cords. In the pediatric population, this is the narrowest part of the airway until approximately the age of 5 years; after transition to adult anatomy, the narrowest part of the adult airway is at the glottic opening

subglottic space

the abrupt and unexplained death of an apparently healthy child younger than 1 year

SIDS

An abnormal heart rhythm with a rapid, narrow QRS complex

supraventricular tachycardia

the timed delivery of energy into the myocardium to correct rapid, regular cardiac rhythms (SVT or ventricular tachycardia with a pulse) in patients who are in unstable condition

synchronized cardioversion

An abnormal position to keep the airway open; involves leaning forwards onto two arms stretched forwards

tripod position

narrowing of a blood vessel, such as with hypoperfusion or cold extremities

vasoconstriction

A pathologic state in which the oxygen entering the lungs is not mixing properly with the blood circulating through the lungs

ventilation-perfusion mismatch

a rapid heart rate resulting from improper electrical activity of the heart

ventricular tachycardia

the production of whistling sounds during expiration ( and later, inspiration) such as in asthma and bronchiolitis

wheezing