Nutrition Exam

LOL

What are the 6 classes of nutrients

Water, Proteins, Fats(lipids), carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins

Which nutrients are energy yielding?

carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids(fats)

Which nutrients are not energy yielding?

Water, Vitamins, Minerals,

What is a calorie?

A ____ is the amount of heat (a form of energy) needed to raise the temperature of 1 g (1 mL) of water 1°C

What is the difference between micro and macro nutrients?

____ are nutrients the body needs in large amounts. They provide energy (calories) and help build and repair the body.
While ____ are nutrients the body needs in small amounts. They help with processes such as immunity, metabolism, and maintaining healthy bones and blood cells.

What is nutrient density?

is a measure of the nutrient a food provides
compared to its energy content, in other words, the measure of
energy per calorie of food. ___ is a tool to make good
nutrition easier.

What is a high nutrient dense food?

Lots of nutrients for relatively few calories.

• Examples: vegetables, fruits, beans, whole grains, and lean meats.

How many calories is alcohol per gram

7 calories but it is very controversal due to alcohols toxicity

What is organic

refers to compounds that contain carbon

Which nutrients are macro nutrients

Lipids(fats), protein, carbohydrates

Which nutrients are organic

carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins

Which nutrients are inorganic

Water, and minerals

What is energy density

refers to the amount of energy a food provides per given weight of the food

What is adequacy?

means getting enough of the essential nutrients and energy your body needs to maintain good health and support normal body functions.

What is balance?

choose foods from all of the food groups
•avoid "mono" diets basically having one of everything

What is calorie control?

Control of energy intake
•A feature of a sound diet plan
managing how many calories you eat

What is moderation?

Control portion sizes
•Not too much of any one thing – alcohol, salt, etc.

What is variety?

different types of foods
•different varieties of the same foods

What is nutrient density for diet?

means choosing foods that provide many nutrients compared with the number of calories they contain.

What is a whole food?

A food that is close to its natural form and has not been heavily processed.

What is a basic food?

A food that provides nutrients and is commonly used as part of a regular diet.

What is a fortified food?

A food with nutrients added that were not originally present.

What is a enriched food?

A food where nutrients lost during processing are added back

What is a staple food?

A food that is eaten regularly and makes up an important part of a person's diet.

What is a Nutraceutical food

A food or food component that is used for potential health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Fish oil or a fiber supplement

What is a functional food?

A food that provides health benefits beyond basic nutrients, often because of naturally occurring or added substances. Yogurt with probiotics

What is the dietary reference intake?

are a set of nutrient intake recommendations used to determine how much of a nutrient people need to maintain good health and prevent deficiencies.

They vary based on factors such as age, sex, and life stage.

What is EAR(Estimated Average Requirement)

Amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a specific group.

What is RDA (Recommended dietary allowance)

Daily amount that meets the needs of nearly all (97–98%) healthy people in a specific group.

What is adequate intake?

Recommended amount used when there isn't enough evidence to establish an EAR/RDA.

What is UL (Tolerable Upper Intake level)

Highest average daily intake unlikely to cause harmful effects for most healthy people.

What is AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges)

values for
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins expressed as percentages of total
daily caloric intake; ranges of intakes set for the energy-yielding
nutrients sufficient to provide adequate total energy & nutrients while
reducing risk of chronic disease. Shows the recommended percentage of daily calories that should come from carbohydrates, protein, and fat

What is the daily value?

Daily Values (DV) – nutrient standards used for comparing foods with
regard to their nutrient contents. However, DV applies to ALL people
and therefore less useful as nutrient intake goals for individuals. Based
on nutrient & energy recommendations for a general 2,000 calorie diet

What information is required on all food package labels in the U.S.?

1. Product name – identifies what the food is.

2. Net quantity – amount of food in the package (weight, volume, or count).

3. Ingredient list – lists ingredients in descending order by weight.

4. Allergen information – identifies major food allergens.

5. Nutrition Facts label – provides nutritional information.

6. Manufacturer, packer, or distributor information – identifies the responsible company and its address.

7. Country of origin – required for certain foods/products.

8. Expiration/use-by information – date labeling is required in some circumstances, though federal rules generally do not require a date on most packaged foods for food safety.

The Nutrition Facts panel provides:

• Serving size

• Number of servings per container

• Calories

• Total fat

  • Saturated fat

  • Trans fat

• Cholesterol

• Sodium

• Total carbohydrate

  • Dietary fiber

  • Total sugars

  • Added sugars

• Protein

• Certain vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin D, calcium, iron, and potassium

• % Daily Value (%DV) for many nutrients

What makes a nutrient content high or low on the daily value?

• 5% DV or less = low

• 20% DV or more = high

• DV is shown as %DV on Nutrition Facts labels.

How do we calculate daily value?

%DV = (amount in food ÷ Daily Value) × 100

What is an essential nutrient?

must be supplied by food because the body does not synthesize it or make enough to meet its needs

What is nutrition?

is the scientific study of nutrients,
how the body uses them - and also studies
the interactions between living organisms
and food

What are the recommended ranges for carbs, fats and proteins (AMDR ranges)

45 to 65 percent from carbohydrates
20 to 35 percent from fat
10 to 35 percent from protein

What does refined mean?

means a food has been processed to remove parts of the original food, often removing fiber, vitamins, and minerals.

= processed to remove parts of a whole food, often reducing its nutrients and fiber.

What is an epidemiological study?

studies are used to gain more information about these
differences, including the influence of diet on health

What is epidemiology?

study of the occurrence, distribution, and factors that may
contribute to health problems in populations

What is a longitudinal study

A study is a research study that follows the same people over a long period of time to observe changes or developments.

What is a case/case controlled study?

A study compares people who have a particular disease or condition (cases) with people who do not have it (controls) to look for differences in past exposures or behaviors.

What is a animal/lab study

An animal/lab study is research conducted in a laboratory using animals, cells, tissues, or other controlled systems to study how something affects the body.

What is a randomized clinical trial (interventions)

is a study where researchers give participants a specific treatment, diet, or intervention and compare the results with a control group.

Participants are randomly assigned to different groups, such as:

• Treatment group → receives the intervention

• Control group → does not receive the intervention or receives a placebo

Who are Dietary references values for

are for healthy people and are used to determine their nutrient needs.

They are different depending on factors such as:

• Age

• Sex

• Life stage — such as pregnancy or breastfeeding

What is quackery?

is the promotion or use of false, unproven, or misleading health treatments or claims, often to make money.

What are the stages of nutrient deficiency?

• Inadequate intake
  Dietary evaluation: assess nutrient intake. Medical history, physical exam, and laboratory tests: assess problems due to poor nutrient absorption, increased need, or increased losses

• Decreased stores and tissue levels
  Laboratory tests: assess nutrient levels in blood, urine, and tissues. Anthropometrics: assess body weight and composition. Altered biochemical and physiological function

• Altered biochemical and physiological functions
  Laboratory tests: assess nutrient-dependent functions in the body

• Physical signs and symptoms of deficiency
  Physical exam and anthropometrics: assess outward symptoms of deficiency

What are the 6 behavioral steps to change with regard to nutrition? What do they mean? (on the ppt and not
in the text)

Precontemplation: Not considering a change, have no intention of changing; see no problems with current behavior. Collect information about health effects of current behavior and potential benefits of change.

Contemplation: Admit that change may be needed; weigh pros and Commit to making a change and set a date to start. cons of changing and not changing.

Preparation: Preparing to change a specific behavior, taking initial steps, and setting some goals. Write an action plan, spelling out specific parts of the change. Set small-step goals; tell others about the plan.

Action: Committing time and energy to making a change; following a plan set for a specific behavior change. Perform the new behavior. Manage emotional and physical reactions to the change.

Maintenance: Striving to integrate the new behavior into daily life and striving to make it permanent. Persevere through lapses. Teach others and help them achieve their own goals. (This stage can last for years.)

Adoption/Moving On: The former behavior is gone and the new behavior is routine. After months or a year of maintenance without lapses, move on to other goals.

What is Ghrelin

is a hormone produced by the stomach and signals the hypothalamus of
the brain to stimulate eating.

What is Leptin

is an appetite-suppressing hormone produced in the fat cells letting your
body know when you are “full”; believed also to be involved in body composition
though not fully understood

What is Satiation

Hormone occurs when the digestive organs signal the brain that enough food
has been consumed.

What is Satiety

is the feeling of fullness that lasts until the next meal.

What is hunger

the physical need for food
is stimulated by an absence of food in
the digestive tract.

What is apetite

The psychological desire for food

What are the steps in the scientific method?

Observation
Hypothesis

Experimentation/Testing
Conclusion

How do scientist make hypothesis

Scientists generate questions based on observations, then formulate a
hypothesis

What is a control group

The group that does not receive the treatment/intervention and is used for comparison.

What is a variable

A factor that can change or be measured in a study.

What is a Blind experiment

Participants do not know whether they are receiving the treatment or control.

What is double blind

Neither the participants nor the researchers interacting with them know who receives the treatment or control.

What is a placebo?

An inactive treatment that looks like the real treatment.

What is a Cell?

___ are the smallest unit of
living things; living things are
either single celled or
multicellular (organisms made
up of cells)
• ___ require nutrients
– Each of the body’s cell is a self-
contained, living entity
• However, each cell depends
on the rest to supply its needs
– These needs include
energy, oxygen, water,
building blocks, control
systems, and especially
the essential nutrients

What is the function of a fat cell?

____ specialize in
storage of fat, form the
fat tissue, and produce
hormones and
enzymes involved in
appetite and energy
balance

What are Glands

secret hormones that act as
messengers to help regulate body
processes.

What are enzymes

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body without being used up in the reaction.

What are hormones?

chemical messengers
secreted and released into the blood by
glands which stimulate organs to take
actions involved in maintaining constant
conditions.

What does insulin do?

stimulates cells to
remove glucose from the blood helps reduce appetite and promote feeling of hunger and apetite

What does glucagon do?

stimulates the liver to
release stored glucose into the
blood promotes feeling of fullness
rises gluclose

What does insulin and glucagon do together

• Insulin → lowers blood glucose

• Glucagon → raises blood glucose

What is gluclose

is a simple sugar and the body's main source of energy. It comes mainly from the carbohydrates you eat.

What are the body fluids responsible for supplying nutrients to the tissues?

Blood and lymph

What is blood?

the fluid of the
cardiovascular system;
composed of water, RBCs,
WBCs, nutrients, oxygen, and
other components. Carries nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals from the digestive system to body tissues

What is lymph?

It helps transport certain nutrients, especially fat and fat-soluble vitamins, from the digestive system into the bloodstream. The fluid that moves
from the bloodstream into
tissue spaces and travels in its
own vessels, which eventually
drain back into the
bloodstream.

Where are insulin and glucagon secreted>

Pancreas

What is diabetes?

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition in which the body has too much glucose (sugar) in the blood because insulin is not being produced properly, is not being used effectively, or both.

What is type 1 diabetes

The pancreas produces little or no insulin.

What is type 2 diabetes?

The body doesn't use insulin effectively and may eventually produce less insulin.

What do nerve cells release

release neurotransmitters

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

a part of the brain
that senses a variety of conditions in
the blood, such as temperature,
glucose content, salt content, and
others. It signals other parts of the
brain or body to adjust those
conditions when necessary homeostasis

What systems regulate body processes

Hormonal and nervous system

What is an antibody?

proteins, made by cells of the immune
system, that are expressly designed to combine with
and inactivate specific antigens. A protein made by the immune system that recognizes and binds to a specific antigen to help defend the body.

What is an antigen?

is a protein
located on the surface of all
cells. The immune system
uses antigens to determine
whether cells are a necessary
part of the body or need to be
destroyed. A substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign or harmful and that can trigger an immune response.

What is the function of digestive system?

to digest complex molecules and to absorb nutrients Leaves behind substances, such as fiber, that
are excreted

What is absorption?

Process of taking substances into the interior of the body

What is Gastrointestinal tract

Hollow tube consisting of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus

What is transit time?

Amount of time it takes food to pass the length of the GI tract

What is Mechanical digestion

is the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces without changing the food chemically. Chewing food with your teeth

• Churning food in the stomach

• Mixing food with digestive juices

What is the mouth?

is the entry point for food into the digestive tract

What does saliva contain?

Saliva contains salivary amylase, which helps
to break down carbohydrates and lysozymes,
which help to inhibit bacterial growth in the
mouth

What is salivary amylase

is a digestive enzyme in saliva that begins breaking down starches (carbohydrates) into smaller sugars.

What are lysozymes

enzymes that help protect the body from bacteria by breaking down parts of bacterial cell walls.

How long is Transit from mouth to rectum

1-3 days

What are Sphincters

thickened regions of circular muscle that
control the flow of contents at various points in the GI tract
– When relaxed:
• Passageway opens, GI contents flow through it
– When contracted:
• Passageway closes, flow is restricted

What is Peristalsis

triggered by swallowing; wavelike muscular squeezing
of the esophagus, stomach, and small intesting that pushes their
contents along

What is Peristalsis

triggered by swallowing; wavelike muscular squeezing
of the esophagus, stomach, and small intesting that pushes their
contents along

What is stomach action?

muscular, elastic, pouchlike organ of the digestive
tract that grinds and churns swallowed food and mixes it with acid
and enzymes, forming chyme.

What are Sphincter Contractions

are when these muscles tighten or relax to control the movement of food and digestive contents.

Example: The lower esophageal Blank opens to let food enter the stomach and then contracts to help prevent stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.