Foreign intervention

Main argument: foreign intervention? (Foreign Intervention – Argument)

Outcome determined primarily by domestic factors (Republic's political weaknesses first); foreign powers merely a catalyst hastening Franco's victory

Internecine warfare? (Foreign Intervention – Divisions)

Conflict between members of the same group – Left-wing parties fought each other, making leadership problematic

PCE vs POUM? (Foreign Intervention – Divisions)

PCE (Stalinist, backing Negrín) vs Nin's POUM (Trotskyist) – clashed on every matter of policy

Barcelona "May Days"? (Foreign Intervention – Divisions)

1937 – four days of street fighting between government forces; 500–1,000 killed

Why were Republican divisions more decisive than foreign aid? (Foreign Intervention – Divisions)

Deep Spanish roots, existed long before foreign aid – shaped the whole war, not single acts of military support

Trevor-Roper's claim (argued incorrect)? (Foreign Intervention – Divisions)

Outcome 'decided in the chancelleries of Europe rather than on the battlefields of Spain'

Warlords in Chiang's ranks? (Foreign Intervention – Divisions)

e.g. Yan Xishan – kept own armies and agendas; resisted central control or defected to the Communists

KMT vs CCP ideology? (Foreign Intervention – Divisions)

KMT inspired little loyalty beyond anti-Communism; CCP offered clear vision of equality and reform

Franco's rivals removed? (Foreign Intervention – Unity)

Death of José Antonio (Falange leader);

Franco's title? (Foreign Intervention – Unity)

"Caudillo" – declared with little opposition

How did Franco become Generalissimo? (Foreign Intervention – Unity)

Deaths of Sanjurjo and Mola early in the war; trained regular officer → centralised campaign structure

FET de las JONS? (Foreign Intervention – Unity)

Movement created by Franco to unite Nationalists under one political banner

Republican victories showing a protracted war? (Foreign Intervention – Unity)

Jarama, Guadalajara, Teruel

Mao's shift from guerrilla to conventional warfare? (Foreign Intervention – Unity)

1947–48 – followed without internal resistance

Yan'an Rectification Movement? (Foreign Intervention – Unity)

1942–44 – purged dissent, created ideological conformity

Key CCP leaders united under Mao? (Foreign Intervention – Unity)

Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Lin Biao, Liu Shaoqi

Judgement on military aid? (Foreign Intervention – Military Aid)

Accelerated rather than caused Nationalist victory

Hitler's transport planes? (Foreign Intervention – Military Aid)

20 transport planes in 1936 – moved Franco's army from Morocco to Spain (navy stayed loyal to Republic)

Hitler's comment to Franco after victory? (Foreign Intervention – Military Aid)

He should erect a monument to the Junkers planes that helped him win

Effect of Non-Intervention on the Republic? (Foreign Intervention – Military Aid)

Britain and France's policy deprived Republicans of essential armaments

Condor Legion at Guernica? (Foreign Intervention – Military Aid)

Helped destroy Basque resistance; warned other cities Nationalists would wage 'total war'

Mussolini's aid to Franco? (Foreign Intervention – Military Aid)

70,000 troops, 750 planes, 100 tanks

Soviet occupation of Manchuria? (Foreign Intervention – Military Aid)

August 1945 – 1.5 million Red Army troops; let CCP move in → control of 1.2 million km² and 40 million people

Captured Japanese weapons handed to CCP? (Foreign Intervention – Military Aid)

~700,000 rifles, 14,000 artillery pieces, 700 tanks/armoured vehicles, 860 aircraft

How was Manchuria supplied as a rear base? (Foreign Intervention – Military Aid)

Trans-Siberian Railway

Liaoshen campaign dates? (Foreign Intervention – Military Aid)

September – November 1948

Huaihai campaign dates? (Foreign Intervention – Military Aid)

November 1948 – January 1949

Pingjin campaign dates? (Foreign Intervention – Military Aid)

1948-49

Combined result of Liaoshen, Huaihai, Pingjin? (Foreign Intervention – Military Aid)

Destroyed over 1.5 million Nationalist troops – secured final victory