Exam 2 - Cody Mon

Which layer of the epidermis is found only in thick skin, and not in all parts of the body?

Stratum lucidum

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

Protection, Sensation, Vitamin D Production, and Immunity

Protection

A thin, flat organ that covers the entire body, skin protects us from pathogens, UV Radiation, Chemical hazards, mechanical damage and dehydration

Sensation

The skin has many different types of sensory receptors that can detect pain, pressure, vibrations, and temp. changes

Vitamin D Production

Vitamin D synthesis begins in the skin in response to UV radiation; important molecule that promotes calcium absorption from the small intestine

Immunity

Antimicrobial proteins and immune system cells are present in the skin to ward off microorganisms

Excretion

Through sweat production, the

skin can help to regulate fluid, electrolytes,

and waste products in the blood. Although

this role is minimal in a healthy person, it

becomes more important in certain disease

states. In cases of dehydration, sweat

production is dramatically decreased to

conserve water

Thermal regulation

The layer of adipose

tissue under the integumentary system acts as a thermal barrier to the loss and gain of

heat from the environment. To maintain

internal heat, warm blood is shunted away

from the integument, while warm blood is

shunted to the integument when you are trying to lose heat. Changes in blood flow to the skin, as well as sweat secreted by eccrine glands, help to regulate core body temperature.

Epidermis

Superficial region,

Consists of epithelial tissue and is avascular

Dermis

Underlies the

Epidermis, Mostly fibrous connective tissue, vascular

Hypodermis

(Superficial fascia) Not technically part of the skin, subcutaneous, Mostly adipose tissue, Anchors skin to underlying structures (i.e.muscles)

What 2 cell types are in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes and Melanocytes

What does a Keratinocyte produce?

Keratin intermediate filaments

What do keratinocytes provide?

Structure to skin, hair, and nails

Keratinocytes are -

waterproofing (protective function)

Keratinized tissue

Dry

Non-Keratinized tissue

Wet

Melanocytes produce...

pigments eumelanin/pheomelanin, giving skin and hair it's color

Melanocytes protects...

from harmful UV rays

Thick Skin

Typically found in hands and feet (Contains five layers called Strata)

Thin Skin

Only contains 4 strata

What is the correct order of the strata of keratinocytes in the epidermis from deepest to most superficial?

Stratum Basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

What is the main function of melanocytes in the epidermis?

To protect keratinocytes from UV damage and provide pigment

How do Langerhans cells contribute to the immune functions of the epidermis?

By exerting antimicrobial functions within the epidermis

Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for forming fingerprints, and how does it contribute to the epidermal structure?

Stratum basale; by connecting the epidermis to the dermis

What is the primary function of the dermis in relation to the epidermis?

To provide a path for blood and lymphatic vessels to the epidermis

Which type of corpuscles in the dermis are most responsible for detecting deep pressure and vibration?

Pacinian Corpuscles

How does the reticular layer of the dermis support accessory structures of the skin?

By providing a resilient fibrous network containing collagen fibers

What is the primary role of fibroblasts in the reticular layer of the dermis?

They maintain collagen and elastin fibers

What is a primary function of the reticular layer of the dermis?

To house accessory structures like hair follicles and glands

Which layer of the dermis is primarily responsible for supporting the epidermis and regulating body temperature?

Papillary layer

Which of the following describes the primary role of fibroblasts in the hypodermis?

Creating collagen and elastin fibers for strength and elasticity

How does the hypodermis contribute to the overall structure and function of the skin?

By connecting the skin to underlying tissues and providing support

Which of the following is true about the roles of different hair types in the integumentary system?

Terminal hairs offer protection and contribute to sensory functions

What is the function of the arrector pili muscle related to hair structure?

It causes hair to become more upright when contracted

Which phase of hair growth is characterized by the follicle actively producing a new hair?

Anagen phase

Which of the following characteristics best differentiates squamous cell carcinoma from basal cell carcinoma?

It can metastasize and involves keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

What distinguishes basal cell carcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma based on their behavior and treatment success?

Basal cell carcinoma is least malignant, often treated with surgery, and rarely metastasizes

Which characteristic distinguishes melanoma from other types of skin cancer?

It is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy

How does the Rule of Nines aid in the management of skin burns?

It estimates the total body surface area affected and fluid loss

What is the immediate physiological threat to patients with severe burns, and how is it related to the Rule of Nines?

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, assessed using the Rule of Nines

How does a third-degree burn differ from first- and second-degree burns in terms of skin involvement and symptoms?

Third-degree burns affect the entire thickness of the skin and cause no pain due to nerve destruction

How does aging primarily affect the skin's structural integrity?

It results in thinner epidermis and reduced collagen, leading to wrinkles

Which characteristic is true about the appendicular skeleton based on its components and function?

It comprises the limbs and girdles, facilitating movement and interaction with the environment

Which of the following statements accurately describes the roles or distinctions of the different bone categories?

The appendicular bones includes the limbs and girdles that support the limbs

Which part of the bone is known as the diaphysis?

The shaft of a long bone

Which of the following bone cell types is capable of mitotic division?

Osteoprogenitor cells

Which statement best explains the function of the different layers of bone within the skeletal system?

Each layer has a specific function; periosteum supports nutrient exchange, compact bone provides strength, and spongy bone houses marrow

How does the bone matrix contribute to the regulation of calcium levels in the body?

The bone matrix stores calcium, which can be released or absorbed depending on plasma calcium levels

What is the primary role of trabeculae within spongy bone?

To provide a protective framework for bone marrow

What is the primary component of the inorganic matrix in bone, and what role does it play in bone structure?

Hydroxyapatite, it contributes to bone hardness and strength

What is a primary reason osteoporosis is more common in women than in men?

Loss of estrogen after menopause

What distinguishes intramembranous ossification from endochondral ossification during bone development?

Intramembranous ossification occurs without a cartilage template, while endochondral ossification starts with a cartilage template

Which of the following statements accurately describes the process of endochondral ossification?

It begins with hyaline cartilage serving as a template

What role does the hyoid bone play in human physiology?

It serves as an attachment site for muscles involved in swallowing speech

What role do the bones of the vertebral column play in relation to the body's structure and system protection?

They serve as the central support axis and protect the spinal cord

What primary function does the skull of the axial skeleton serve in the human body?

It protects the central nervous system and vital organs

What is the primary function of the C1 vertebra, also known as the atlas, within the vertebral column?

Supports the head

What process allows for the widening of bones, and how does it differ from elongation at the epiphyseal plate?

Appositional growth adds bone tissue at the surface, while epiphyseal elongation occurs at the growth plate

What distinguishes the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2) vertebrae from the rest of the cervical vertebrae?

They support and allow rotation of the head

What is the primary difference between true ribs and false ribs?

True ribs have their own costal cartilage connections to the sternum while false ribs do not

What role does the sternum play in the functionality of the rib cage?

It protects the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels while serving as an attachment site for muscles

How does appositional growth contribute to the growth of bones?

It increases bone thickness by adding tissue at the outer surface

What is the primary function of the pectoral girdle in relation to muscle attachment?

To provide attachment sites for skeletal muscles of the upper limb

Which feature of the clavicle helps it resist longitudinal compression while maintaining the scapula's position?

It's S-shaped structure when viewed from above

What is the significance of the interosseous membrane in the forearm?

It connects to the lateral radius to the medial ulna

How do the carpal bones contribute to wrist movement?

They provide strong articulations while allowing for gliding motions

What is the primary function of the proximal epiphysis of the humerus in the upper arm?

It fits into the glenoid cavity to form the shoulder joint

In which way do the capitulum and trochlea of the humerus contribute to forearm movement?

They articulate with the radius and ulna, respectively to allow joint movement

How do the structures of the humerus contribute to its function in the arm?

The ball-shaped head of the humerus fits into the glenoid cavity, forming the shoulder joint

What is the primary function of the pelvic cavity formed by the pelvic bones and sacrum?

Surround and support digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs

Which of the following structures are formed by the ischium and pubis in the pelvis?

The obturator foramen

Which is the role of the sacrum in the formation of the pelvic cavity?

It connects the pelvic bone posteriorly to form the pelvic cavity

How does the tibia contribute to the function of the knee joint?

By articulating with the femoal condyles

How does the patella contribute to the knee joint's function?

It facilitates movement by articulating with the femur's patellar surface

How do the structures of the femur and patella facilitate movement in the human leg?

The femur's condyles articulate with the tibia, while the patella articulates with the femur's surface

How are joints primarily classified, and what is the trade-off between joint flexibility and stability?

By structure and function, more flexibility leads to less stability

Which of the following best describes the movement involved in decreasing the angle between two body segments?

Flexion, which decreases the angle between the moving segment and its proximal segment

Which of the following movements involves turning the foot so that its sole faces medially?

Inversion

Which statement correctly describes the movement allowed by syndesmoses joints?

They allow a slight shift or 'give' due to longer connective tissue fibers

Which of the following best describes the movement allowed by syndesmoses joints?

They allow slight movement due to long connective tissue fibers

Which statement best describes the difference between synchondrosis and symphysis joints?

Synchondrosis joints are temporary and made of hyaline cartilage, while symphysis joints are slightly moveable and made of fibrocartilage

How does the synovial membrane contribute to the function of synovial joints?

By secreting synovial fluid that reduces friction and nourishes chondrocytes

Which type of joint allows movement in three planes and includes movement pairs like flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and rotation?

Triaxial ball-and-socket joints

What are possible causes of painful conditions affecting the TMJ?

Misalignment of the articular disk and arthritic damage

What is the primary reason for shoulder subluxation following a middle cerebral artery stroke?

Lack of postural tone in the rotator cuff muscles

What is the primary reason for shoulder subluxation after a middle cerebral artery stroke?

Flaccid muscle paralysis in the rotator cuff muscles

What developmental condition affects the pubic symphysis joint in baby girls, potentially leading to subluxation or dislocation of the hip joint?

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

What role do cytokines and enzymes play in the progression of arthritis?

They contribute to further cartilage damage and accelerate inflammation

Which factors contribute to the development of the most common chronic joint problem that affects various joints?

Genetic predisposition, injury, overuse, and excess weight

How does the immune system's attack lead to the symptoms of the arthritis described in the passage?

The immune system causes inflammation, damaging the synovium and cartilage

What are the primary symptoms of a condition caused by faulty uric acid metabolism?

Sudden, intense, prolonged joint pain and joint inflammation

In the case of nursemaid's elbow, what structural change primarily contributes to the condition?

The subluxation of the radial head from the capitulum of the humerus

Langerhans cells

Specialized immune cells found within the epidermis that have antimicrobial functions

Eumelanin and pheomelanin are

Produced by melanocytes and provide protection from UV radiation and contribute to the pigmentation of the skin

Melanin is packaged...

into a melanosome for transport from melanocytes to the keratinocytes, where they protect the nucleus from UV damage

Carotene

Pigment found in the skin (most commonly associated with corneum and hypodermis and contributes to skin color

Can detect fine touch and pressure through tactile discs formed from

Merkel Cells

Free nerve endings

located in the epidermis that can detect pain and are associated with itching and tickling

Protection Functions

Dry surface is unacceptable for growth of most microorganisms

- Antigen presenting cells

- First line of defense