Anatomy Lecture Exam 2

Epithelial Tissue

The tissue that forms the innermost and outermost surfaces of body structures (surface epithelium) and forms glands. Also called epithelium. 

Connective Tissue

One of the most abundant of the four basic tissue types in the body, performing the functions of binding and supporting; consists of relatively few cells in a generous matrix (the ground substance and fibers between the cells). 

Muscle Tissue

A tissue specialized to produce motion in response to muscle nerve impulses by its qualities of contractility, extensibility, elasticity, and excitability; types include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue containing neurons that initiate and conduct nerve impulses to coordinate homeostasis, and neuroglia that provide support and nourishment to neurons. 

Cell Junction

 point of contact between plasma membranes of tissue cells

Tight Junction

 weblike strands that fuse together to seal off passageways. Inhibit passage of substances between cells and prevents contents from leaking

Adhearing Junctions

 contain plaque, attaches to membrane proteins and the microfilaments of cytoskeleton. Help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities

Desmosomes

link cells together, attaches to elements called intermediate filaments, prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension

Hemidesmosomes

anchor cells to basement membrane, not to each other

Gap Junctions

allow cells to communicate with each other, form protein channels that connect calls together

Surface Epithelium

forms outer covering of the skin and some internal organs and the inner lining of structures

Glandular Epithelium

makes up the secreting portions of glands

Basement Membrane

Thin, extracellular layer between epithelium and connective tissue consisting of a basal lamina and a reticular lamina

Simple Squamous

Single layer of flat cells, Location: lines cardiovascular and lymphatic system, serous membranes. Found in air sacs of lungs, glomerular capsule of kidneys, inner surface of cornea, inner surface of eardrum. Function: filtration and diffusion. Secretion in serous membranes

Simple Cuboidal

 Single layer of cube-shaped cells. Function- secretion and absorption. Single layer means more cytoplasm

Simple Columnar

single layer of column-like cells. Function: secretion and absorption. Contain more organelles and capable of higher levels of secretion

Psuedostratified Columnar

 Appears to have several layers of nuclei. Function: absorption and secretion. Function- secretes mucus, cilia sweeps away mucus for elimination from body

Stratified Squamous

two or more layers of flat cells. Function: protection against abrasion, water loss, and foreign invasion. Multiple layers of cells that are able to protect.

Transitional

looks like stratified cuboidal, but apical layer appears rounded. Function: allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective lining while holding variable amounts

Gland

 specialized epithelial cell or cells that secrete substances; may be exocrine or endocrine

Endocrine Gland

secrete hormones into the bloodstream without any ducts

Exocrine Gland

secretory products are released into ducts that empty onto surface or lining

Merocrine Secretion

uses vesicles to secrete

Apocrine Secretion

pinches off a giant portion of the cell

Holocrine Secretion

Mature cell dies and becomes secretory product

Connective Tissue

One of the most abundant of the four basic tissue types in the body, performing the functions of binding and supporting; consists of relatively few cells in a generous matrix (the ground substance and fibers between the cells).

Extracellular Matrix

material located between widely spaced cells. composed of fibers and ground substance

Fibroblasts

A large, flat cell that secretes most of the extracellular matrix of areolar and dense connective tissues

Macrophages

Phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte; may be resting or wandering.

Plasmocytes

Cell that develops from a B cell and produces antibodies.

Mast Cell

 A cell found in areolar connective tissue that releases histamine, a dilator of small blood vessels, during inflammation.

Collagen Fibers

strong and resist pulling or stretching. Allows tissue flexibility

Elastic Fibers

branch and join together to form a fibrous network. Adds strength and stability.

Reticular Fibers

Provide support in walls of blood vessels and from a network around the cells in some tissues.

Mesenchyme

Embryonic connective tissue from which almost all other connective tissues arise

Areolar Connective Tissue

 Widely distributed. In and around almost every body structure. Function: strength, elasticity, support.

Adipose Connective Tissue

 Located everywhere areolar is located, around organs. Function: Reduces heat loss, energy reserve, supports and protects organs.

Reticular Connective Tissue

Located in spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. Function: Forms stroma of organs.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Forms tendons, ligaments, and aponeruoses. Function: strong attachment, withstands pulling against fibers.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Skin, surrounds organs. Function: Provides strength from pulling in many directions.

Elastic Connective Tissue

Walls of arteries and trachea, lungs. Function: allows stretching in various organs. Strong and can recoil back to shape

Hyaline Connective Tissue

 Provides smooth surfaces at joints, flexibility, and support. Contains a resilient gel.

Fibrous Cartilage

thick bundles of collagen fibers. Support and joining structures together. Strongest type of cartilage

Elastic Cartilage

 Network of elastic fibers. Provides strength and elasticity, maintains shape.

Interstitial Growth

growth from within, growth of cartilage

Appositional Growth

Growth due to surface deposition of material, growth in diameter of cartilage or bone.

Compact and Spongy Bone

Support, protection, storage

Blood Connective Tissue

 Liquid connective tissue. RBC- Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. WBC- phagocytosis and immune system responses. Platelets- blood clotting. Plasma- extracellular fluid.

Lymph Plasma

liquid connective tissue that flows in lymphatic vessels

Mucous Membrane

lines body cavity that opens to the exterior. (digestive canal)

Lamina Propria

areolar connective tissue, part of the mucosa of organs in urinary system

Serous Membrane

 membrane that lines the body cavity that does not open to the exterior. (pleural and pericardial)

Cutaneous membrane

skin, covers the entire surface of body

Synovial Membrane

deeper layer of a synovial joint. Secretes synovial fluid into the articular cavity.

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

 motion, posture, heat production and protection. Voluntary, you can control it.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

 Pumps blood to all parts of the body. Involuntary, cannot control it

Smooth Muscle Tissue

motion and airways, propulsion of foods, contraction of urinary bladder. Involuntary, cannot control.

Neurons

nerve cells, consists of cell body, dendrites, and an axon

Dendrites

process that carries electrical signals toward cell body

Axon

long process of a nerve cell, propagates a nerve impulse toward axon terminals

Nervous Tissue

 exhibits sensitivity to various types of stimuli

Electrical Excitability

 Ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals

Stroma

Tissue that forms the ground substance, foundation, or framework of an organ

Parenchyma

: functional parts of any organ

Stem Cells

unspecialized cells that has the ability to divide for indefinite periods and give rise to a specialized cell

Fibrosis

 process by which fibroblasts synthesize collagen fibers and other extracellular matrix materials that aggregate to form scar tissue

Epidermis

superficial, thinner layer of skin, made of keratinized stratified squamous

Dermis

deeper layer of dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers

Hypodermis

sheet of adipose and areolar tissue between dermis and deep fascia of muscles. Stores fat and large blood vessels.

Lamellar Corpuscles

vibration receptores; sensitive to pressure.

Keratin

protein found in hair, nails, and other keratinized tissues of epidermis

Melanin

dark black, brown, or yellow pigment found in skin, hair, and pigmented layer of retina

Dendritic Cells

helps other cells of the immune system recognize invading microbes and destroy it. Immune response.

Tactile Epithelial Cells

 Functions in touch, makes contact with nonencapsulated sensory corpuscle

Nonencapsulated sensory corpuscle

functions in touch

S. basale

deepest layer of epidermis

S. spinosum

8-10 layers of keratinocytes. superficial to s. basale

s. granulosum

middle of epidermis. consists of 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes

Keratohyalin

assembles keratin intermediate filaments into keratin

lamellar granules

fuse with plasma membrane and release lipid-rich secretion

s. lucidum

clear layer, only found in thick skin. provides additional layer of toughness

s. corneum

25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes. superficial layer

Papillary dermis

contains thick collagen and fine elastic fibers

dermal papillae

fingerlike projection of papillary dermis, may contain blood capillaries or tactile corpuscles, or free nerve endings

Tactile Corpuscles

nerve ending found in a dermal papilla that is sensitive to touch

free nerve endings

dendrites that lack any apparent structural specialization

Reticular dermis

attached to subcutaneous tissue, contains bundles of thick collagen fibers, scattered fibroblasts, and various wandering cells.

Hemoglobin

oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs

Albinism

 abnormal, nonpathological, partial, or total absence of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes

Vitiligo

partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin produces irregular white spots

Carotene

accounts for yellowish coloration of skin

Jaundice

gives yellowish appearance to the skin. Build up of bilirubin. Usually indicates liver disease

Erythema

skin redness usually caused by dilation of capillaried

Hairs

threadlike structure produced by hair follicles that develop in the dermis

Hair Shaft

 superficial portion of hair, which projects above the surface of the skin

Hair Root

portion of the hair deep to the shaft, that penetrated the dermis

Hair Follicle

structure composed of epithelium and surrounding the root of a hair

Papilla of Hair

contains blood vessels the nourish the growing hair follicle

Hair Matrix

germinal layer of cells

Arrector muscle of hair

smooth muscle attached to hairs, contraction pulls hair into vertical position. Causes goosebumps