3.1 Movement

Abduction

Movement in the coronal plane that moves a limb laterally away from the body; spreading of the fingers

Adduction

Movement in the coronal plane that moves a limb medially toward or across the midline of the body; bringing fingers together

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly mobile joint

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Intracapsular ligament of the knee; resists hyperextension of the knee

Articular capsule

Connective tissue structure that encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint

Articular cartilage

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces of bones at a synovial joint

Articulation

Joint of the body

Ball-and-socket joint

Synovial joint where the spherical end of one bone fits into the depression of another; found at the hip and shoulder; multiaxial

Biaxial joint

Type of diarthrosis that allows movement within two planes (two axes)

Cartilaginous joint

Joint where bones are united by hyaline cartilage (synchondrosis) or fibrocartilage (symphysis)

Chondrocytes

Cells of cartilage

Circumduction

Circular motion produced by the sequential combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction

Collagen fiber

Flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength

Condyloid joint

Synovial joint where a shallow depression receives a rounded end of another bone; found at finger metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist; biaxial

Connective tissue

Tissue that holds in place, connects, and integrates the body's organs and systems

Connective tissue membrane

Connective tissue that encapsulates organs and lines movable joints

Connective tissue proper

Connective tissue containing a viscous matrix, fibers, and cells

Coronal suture

Joint that unites the frontal bone to the right and left parietal bones across the top of the skull

Dense connective tissue

Connective tissue proper containing many fibers that provide elasticity and protection

Diarthrosis

Freely mobile joint

Dorsiflexion

Movement at the ankle that brings the top of the foot toward the anterior leg

Elastic cartilage

Type of cartilage with elastin as the major protein; provides rigid support and elasticity

Elbow joint

Humeroulnar joint

Elevation

Upward (superior) motion of the scapula or mandible

Eversion

Foot movement where the bottom of the foot turns laterally, away from the midline

Extension

Movement in the sagittal plane that increases the angle of a joint; straightens the joint

Extrinsic ligament

Ligament located outside of the articular capsule of a synovial joint

Fibrous joint

Joint where adjacent bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue

Flexion

Movement in the sagittal plane that decreases the angle of a joint; bends the joint

Fluid connective tissue

Specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins

Gomphosis

Fibrous joint where the root of a tooth is anchored into its bony jaw socket by periodontal ligaments

Hinge joint

Synovial joint where a convex surface articulates with a concave surface; includes elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints; uniaxial

Hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulfate ground substance

Hyperextension

Excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of movement

Hyperflexion

Excessive flexion of a joint beyond its normal range of movement

Inferior rotation

Movement of the scapula during upper limb adduction where the glenoid cavity moves downward and the medial end of the scapular spine moves upward

Inversion

Foot movement where the bottom of the foot turns toward the midline

Joint

Site where two or more bones or bone and cartilage come together

Joint cavity

Space enclosed by the articular capsule of a synovial joint; filled with synovial fluid and contains articulating surfaces

Ligament

Strong band of dense connective tissue spanning between bones

Medial (internal) rotation

Movement of the arm or thigh that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline

Medial excursion

Side-to-side movement that returns the mandible to the midline

Medial meniscus

C-shaped fibrocartilage articular disc located in the knee

Meniscus

Articular disc made of fibrocartilage; provides padding and smooths movement between bones

Multiaxial joint

Type of diarthrosis that allows movement within three planes (three axes)

Opposition

Thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of a finger

Pivot joint

Synovial joint where the rounded portion of a bone rotates within a ring formed by a ligament and another bone; uniaxial

Plane joint

Synovial joint formed between flattened articulating surfaces of adjacent bones; multiaxial

Plantar flexion

Foot movement at the ankle where the heel is lifted off the ground

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Intracapsular ligament of the knee; prevents anterior displacement of the femur when the knee is flexed and weight-bearing

Pronated position

Forearm position in which the palm faces backward

Pronation

Forearm motion that moves the palm from facing forward to facing backward

Protraction

Anterior motion of the scapula or mandible

Reposition

Movement of the thumb from opposition back to the anatomical position

Retraction

Posterior motion of the scapula or mandible

Rotation

Movement of a bone around a central axis or its long axis; includes twisting of the vertebral column

Saddle joint

Synovial joint where both articulating ends are convex and concave; found at the base of the thumb; biaxial

Superior rotation

Movement of the scapula during upper limb abduction where the glenoid cavity moves upward and the medial end of the scapular spine moves downward

Supinated position

Forearm position in which the palm faces anteriorly (anatomical position)

Supination

Forearm motion that moves the palm from facing backward to facing forward

Suture

Fibrous joint connecting the bones of the skull except the mandible; immobile joint

Symphysis

Cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by fibrocartilage

Synarthrosis

Immobile or nearly immobile joint

Synchondrosis

Cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage

Syndesmosis

Fibrous joint where two separated, parallel bones are connected by an interosseous membrane

Synostosis

Site where adjacent bones or bony components have fused together

Synovial fluid

Thick, lubricating fluid that fills the interior of a synovial joint

Synovial joint

Joint where articulating surfaces of bones are located within a joint cavity formed by an articular capsule

Synovial membrane

Connective tissue membrane lining the cavities of freely movable joints; produces synovial fluid

Tendon

Dense connective tissue structure that anchors a muscle to bone

Uniaxial joint

Type of diarthrosis that allows motion within only one plane (one axis)