Chapter 10: The Internet

The Internet is the most used network in the world, but also the least understood

True

The Internet is a network of networks

True

How is your device connected to the network when you are on the Internet?

Through your internet service provider (ISP)

The Internet either strict or open.

False; its both all the time

All networks that connect to the Internet must conform to a ______ for the transport and network layers. At the same time, new content/app protoocls are developed _______

set of standards; without restriction

The Internet is not hierarchical in structure

False

The top of the Internet hierarchy are very large national ______

Internet service providers (tier 1 ISPs)

Tier 1 ISPs connect together and exchange data at _________

Internet exchange points (IXPs)

Tier 1 ISPs connect to tier 2 ISPs. So Tier 2 ISPs connect to….

Tier 3 ISPs

What is peering for ISPs?

ISPs at the same level do not charge one another for transferring messages they exchange

Higher-level ISPs normally charge lower-level ISPs to transmit their data

True

ISPs charge companies and individuals for access

True

Each ISP is an _____

autonomous system

Each ISP has one or many ______

points of presence (POP)

What is a POP?

The place at which the ISP provides services to its customers

AN ISP POP is connected to other ____ in the ISPs network

POPs

The backbone circuits of the major US national ISPs operate at…

10Gbps (some planning for 80 Gbps and 160 Gbps)

How do individuals and organizations connect to ISPs?

Many ways.

1) Most individuals use DSL or cable modems (broadband technologies)
2) Using wifi
3) Organizations lease T1, T3, or Ethernet circuits into their ISPs

What is a digital subscriber line?

A family of point-to-point technologies designed to provide data transmission over telephone lines

Why do we use DSL over traditional telephone circuits?

Traditional telephone circuits are slower and DSL changes that by altering the telephone equipment and not rewiring the local loop

DSL uses the ______ but places different equipment on the customer premises and in the telephone company end office.

existing local loop cable

What is the customer premises equipment?

Includes the line splitter that separates the traditional voice transmission from the data transmissions.

The line splitter also directs the data transmissions into a ____

DSL modem

Local loops are connected to the ______

main distribution facility (MDF)

The MDF splits the voice and data traffic. The voice traffic goes to the ____ and the data traffic to the _____

voice telephone network; DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM)

What does the DSL access multiplexer do (DSLAM)?

Demultiplexes the data streams and converts them into digital data which are distributed to the ISPs.

What is the most common type of DSL?

Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)

ADSL uses FDM to create three separate channels over the one local loop circuit. What are these channels?

1) traditional voice telephone circuit
2) Relatively high-speed data channel downstream from the carriers end office to the customer
3) Slightly slower data channel upstream from the customer to the carrier’s end office

Why is ADSL called asymmetric?

Its two data channels have different speeds.

What is a cable modem?

A digital service offered by cable TV companies

The Data over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) standard is the dominant one. DOSCIS is not a formal standard but is the one most used by vendors of _______ networks

hybrid fiber coax(HFC) networks

Cable modem architecture is very similar to ____ despite cable modems using shared multipoint circuits and DSL being _____

DSL; point to point

All messages on the circuit go to all computers on the circuit

True

What is the max speed downstream and upstream of the cable modem?

downstream = 200 Mbps and upstream = 200 Mbps. Cable modems can be configured to limit capacity.

Fiber to the home (FTT) is what?

running fiber-optic cable into the home. Traditional copper telephone lines are replaced by one FOC that is run past each house in the neighborhood.

Data are transmitted down the signal fiber cable using…

wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)

At each subscriber location, an _______ converts the signals in the optical network into an Ethernet format

Optical network unit (ONU)

The ONU acts as an ______ and can also include a _____

Ethernet switch; router

FTTH is a dedicated point-to-point service with many types.

True

One organization operates the Internet

False

The closest thing the internet has to an owner is the ____

Internet Society

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a…

large group of network designers, researches, etc that help design the evolution of internet architecture

The Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) is…

responsible for technical management of IETF activities and the Internet standards process.

The Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

provides strategic architectural oversight

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)

research groups work on long-term issues (protocol, applications, architecture, tech)

New applications and access tech are being developed at lightning speed and do not change the fundamental structure of the Internet

True

Why has the Internet evolved slowly

Because core tech (TCP/IP) is harder to change

Internet2 comprises…

about 400 universities, corp., gov., and org., in 100+ countries. The access points are called gigapops