EASC 101, lab exam

Quartz(SiO₂)

NF Silicate,

Choncoidal fracture,

Multi bright color(white, purple, black, salmon)

NM, H(7) 6.5>, some can have a hexagonal pyramid.

Calcite(CaCO₃)

Carbonate

Rhombic cleavage

White(transparent), white streak

NM, 5.5> H(3) 2.5>, react to dilute HCl

Biotite Mica & Muscovite

F Silicate

Basal cleavage

White(transparent) for muscovite /Black for biotite

NM, H  <2.5, very flexible

Magnetite (Fe₃O₄)

Oxide

Uneven fracture,

Black/silvery black, black streak

M,6.5> H 5.5> grain too small to see, magnetic

Talc

NF Silicate

Uneven fracture

White, white streak

NM, H(1) <2.5, soapy feel

Olivine((Mg,Fe)₂ SiO₄)

F Silicate

Conchoidal fracture

Green

NM, H 6.5>, grains are shiny under microscope

Dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂)

Carbonate

3 cleavage not at 90

Mainly white(variety), white stream

NM, 5.5> H 2.5>, react with HCl when powdered.

Sphalerite(ZnS)

Sulphide

dodecahedral fracture(hard to see)

Dark color/light yellow, yellow streak

M, 5.5 > H 2.5>,smells like rotten eggs

Fluorite( CaF₂)

Halide

Normally 4 cleavage directions/octahedral cleavage (sometimes can find octahedrons)

Multi light colored(white, purple, blue), white streak

NM, 5.5> H(4) 2.5>, if broken perfectly can result in an octahedron.

Hematite (Fe₂O₃)

Oxide

Uneven fracture

Black or silvery black, red streak

M,6.5> H 5.5>, metallic samples are specular(acts like a mirror)

Halite(NaCl)

Halide

Cubic cleavage at 90 degree

Transparent, white streak

NM, 5.5> H 2.5 >, salty taste

Galena(PbS)

Sulphide

Cubic cleavage at 90 degree

Silvery black

M, 5.5> H 2.5>,heavy for its size

Pyrite( FeS₂)

Sulphide

Conchoidal fracture

Gold, greenish black or brownish black streak

M,6.5> H 5.5>, crystals can form as dodecahedrons or cubes.

Chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂)

Sulphide

Uneven Fracture

Gold, black streak

M,5.5> H(around 5) 2.5>, look like spray paint gold

Gypsum( CaSO₄)

Sulphate

Basal cleavage(often not seen)

White, white streak

NM, H(2) <2.5, soft but not soapy

Amphibole/ Hornblende

F Silicate

2 cleavage not at 90, uneven fracture

Dark green to black,white streak(very difficult to find)

NM, 6.5> H 5.5>, almost look like burned wood grain

Pyroxene

F Silicate

2 cleavage at 90, irregular fracture

Dark green to black, white streak(very difficult to find)

NM, 6.5> H 5.5>

K feldspar( Orthoclase)

NF silicate

2 cleavage at 90 degree & uneven fracture

Salmon Color, white streak(too hard to see)

NM,6.5> H(6) 5.5>, has exsolution lamellae

Na-rich plagioclase( Albite)

NF silicate

2 cleavage at 90 degree & uneven fracture

Porcelain Color, white streak(too hard to see)

NM,6.5> H(6) 5.5>, has striations

Ca-rich plagioclase(Labradorite)

NF Silicate

2 cleavage at 90 degree & uneven fracture

Iridescent Color, white streak(too hard to see)

NM,6.5> H(6) 5.5>, has striations

Granite

Orthoclase, quartz, albite, biotite

Phaneritic, felsic

(Intrusive Igneous rock,slow cooling at low temp magma at depth)

Grandiorite

Intrusive Igenous rock

Albite, quartz, biotite

Phaneritic, felsic

Basalt

Groundmass: Black

Aphanitic, mafic

Extrusive Igenous rock (cool quickly at hot temp just below surface)

Dacite

Groundmass : Grey

Amphibole phenocrysts

Porphyritic rock , felsic

(Form at low temp as either intrusive or extrusive, 2 stages; phenocryst first form then cooled quickly at surface to make groundmass)

Rhyolite

Groundmass: light pink/red

Quartz phenocryst

Porphyritic, felsic

( Formed at depth first as either intrusive or extrusive then rose to surface which quickly cooled the rest of the magma)

Diorite

Albite, Amphibole

Phaneritic, intermediate

Intrusive Igenous Rock

Periodtite

Olivine

Phaneritic, Ultramafic

Intrusive Igenous rock, formed at extreme high temps.

Makes the bulk of the Earths upper mantle.

Scoria

Groundmass: Oxidized rusted red

Aphanitic & Vesicular, Mafic

Extrusive Igenous rock, formed at high temperatures where gas was trapped inside bu then released, causing holes & gaps in the rocks.

Gabbro

Labradorite, Pyroxene

Phaneritic, Mafic

Intrusive Igneous Rock.

Obsidian

Glassy

Is volcanic glass, extreme cooling of lava, elements have no time to bond/form minerals

Pumice

(comprised of tiny shards of volcanic glass)

Very lightweight despite its size, rough

Conglomerate & Breccia

Conglomerate has rounded grains, Breccia has angular grains.

Has a lot of lithic fragments.

Gravel(>2mm), rounded or angular grains but poorly sorted

gravel size grains(clasts)

Clastic Sedimentary.

Quartz Sandstone

Mainly compromised of Quartz, (white sandstone) hassilica cement, (red sandstone) has iron oxide cement

Sand(1/16- 2mm), very well sorted, round grains

Abundance of quartz & sand grain, a lot of shiny speckles

Clastic sedimentary

Arkose

Quartz, feldspar

Sand & granules, angular grains

Moderate sort of sandstone and feldspar

Clastic sedimentary

Lithic Sandstone

Quartz, & Lithic/dark fragments

Sand, moderate to well rounded sorting

Lots of dark spots(lithic fragment) such as basalt, a couple of quart sand grain

Clastic sedimentary

Mudstone

Microscopic materials, made up of clay & silicate materials.

Lumpy.  May contain plant fossils.

Clastic Sedimentary

Shale

Microscopic materials, made of clay/silicate materials

Fissile/ Breaks easily along flat layers. May contain plant fossils. Looks like a small skipping stone.

Clastic sedimentary

Chalk

Microscopic materials, react with acid, made up of calcite

Formed from microscopic coccolithophorids

Super soft, can write with it, if you firmly pat it some chalk powder can get on your hands

Biogenic Sedimentary

Oolitic Limestone

Reacts with acid, made up of calcite ooids(small, round,noticeable grains)

Rounded ooids are shown in the limestone, look like little pearls

Chemical sedimentary

Micrite

Microscopic materials, reacts to acid

Made up of microcrystalline calcite

Dark in color & microscopic grains

Chemical sedimentary

Coal

Made up of fine, crystalline carbon 

Shiny, has low density, idk just look up minecraft or something it probably looks similar

Biogenic sedimentary

Chert

Made up of Microscopic Quartz/silicate

Conchoidal fracture & is very hard

Chemical sedimentary

Slate

Foliated Rock,regional metamorphism 

comprised of a variety of minerals, Protolith: shale,

Breaks along flat layers, very fine grained

Gneiss

Foliated rock, regional metamorphism

Compromised of albite, quartz, biotite & amphibole,protolith: shale or igneous rock

Bands/patterns of light & dark minerals, medium to coarse grained, chance to have porphyblasts

Quarztite

Non-foliated rock, contact metamorphism

Made of quartz & sandstone, protolith: Sandstone

Scratches glass, does not react to dilute Hcl, medium to coarse grained

Marble

Non-foliated rock, contact metamorphism

Made of calcite & limestone, protolith limestone

Reacts with dilute Hcl, soft & does not scratch glass, medium-coarse grained

Schist

Foliated rock, regional metamorphism

Made of visible mica(biotite & mucovite) & garnet porphyblasts, protolith: shale

Scaly look to it from larger abundant mica grains, much bigger porphyblasts. Medium to coarse grained

Soap Stone

Foliated or Nonfoliated, hydrothermal metamorphism at subduction zones

Made of mainly talc, amphibole and chlorite, protolith: ultramafic rock

Relatively soft and waxy, can scratch with fingernails, fine grained 

Phyllite

Foliated rock, regional metamorphism

Made from abundance of mica lined along flat layers, protolith: Shale

shiny(looks metallic) break easily along flat flayers, fine grained, can have porphyblasts