NSG 363 Exam 2: DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS

how much weight should infants gain per week

5-7 oz

when should birth weight double

6 months

when should birth weight triple

1 year

infant height should increase by -- per month for 6 months

1 inch

birth length should increase by --- by age 1

50%

when should birth length double

4 years

how much should head increase per month for the first 3 months

2 cm

how much should head increase by 1 year

33%

how does chest circumference compare to head circumference by the end of the first year

they should equal

when does the posterior fontanel close

at 6-8 weeks

when does the anterior fontanel close

12-18 months, SHOULD ASSESS THIS PART

what is normal for infants breathing

abdominal breathers, "belly breathing"

factors that contribute to more severe and acute respiratory problems in infants

- close proximity if structures in respiratory system rapidly transmits infectious agents from one anatomic location to another

- straight eustachian tube closely communicates to ear

- inability of immune system to produce IgA in mucosal lining

when are infants susceptible to infection

susceptible for the first year of life (40% of adults levels of IgG are reached by 1)

human milk has compensate for

decreased digestive enzymes

the digestive process is --- at birth

immature

body fluid composition for infants

Infants ECF is 44%, adults is 20%= more rapid loss of total body fluid

renal function for infants

immaturity of system predisposes infants to dehydration

binocularity (ability to focus images from each eye into one image) is established when

by 4 months

when is depth perception matured

2-3 years

physical milestones: 1 month

- marked head lag

- hands predominately closed

- instinctual smile

physical milestones: 2 months

- visually searches to locate sound

- social smile

physical milestones: 3 months

- holds rattle, will not reach for it

- follows object, 180 degrees

- localizes sound by turning head

physical milestones: 4 months

- head lag gone

- rolls from back to side

- can carry object to mouth

- demands attention by fussing

physical milestones: 5 months

- rolls from abdomen to back

- visually pursues an object that is dropped

- able to discriminate strangers from family

physical milestones: 6 months

- when prone, can lift chest and bear weight on hands

- rolls from back to abdomen

- rocks back and forth on hands and knees

- holds bottle

- babbles one syllable words

- recognizes parents

- begins to fear strangers

physical milestones: 7 months

- sits leaning forward on hands

- transfers objects from hand to hand

- bangs cubes on table

- rakes objects

- responds to names

- signs of distress when parents leave

- plays peak a boo

physical milestones: 8 months

- sits unsupported

- responds to "no"

physical milestones: 9 months

- sits steadily

- pulls self to standing

- crude pincer grasp ie cheerios for snack

- comprehends "no-no"

physical milestones: 10 months

- stand holding onto furniture

- says dada or mama with meaning

- waves bye

- develops object permanence

- plays interactive games such as pat-a-cake

physical milestones: 11 months

- drops object for it to be picked up

- imitates speech sounds

- shakes head no

physical milestones: 12 months

- 6-8 teeth

- walks from one hand held

- build a tower of two blocks

- 3-5 words

- understands simple verbal commands

- clings to parents when fearful

- may develop security item

what stage of Eriksons is the infant in

trust vs mistrust

- quality of parent to child relationship is crucial

- failure to learn delayed gratification can lead to mistrust

what stage of Piaget is the infant in

sensorimotor

- reflexes become deliberate acts that elicit responses

- begin to develop object permanence

infant development of body image

concept of object permanence is basic to development of self-image

-

the most important part of infant social development

attachment! cannot be overemphasized

when does separation anxiety begin

4-8 months

when does stranger anxiety begin

6-8 months

what type of play do infant engage in

solitary

what type of play must you provide to an infant

must provide interpersonal contact and recreational and educational stimulation, must be played with not just allowed to play

separation and stranger fear: infant

- minimize separation

- talk softly and at the childs eye level

- avoid sudden gestures

education for new parents

safety proofing!

when does primary teething begin

6-10 months

how long do infants only eat breastmilk

first 6 months

when do you introduce solid foods to infants

4-6 months

when to wean breast or bottle to cup

after 1 year

sleep pattern of infants

nocturnal pattern of 9-11 hrs by 3-4 months

injury prevention for infants: SAFE PAD

Suffocation

Asphyxia

Falls

Electrical burns

Poisoning

Automobile

Drowning

what ages are toddler considered

12 months- 36 months

when should birth weight be quadrupled

by 2 and a half years

what do legs look like with toddlers

appeared bowed or curved

sensor changes with toddlers

depth perception continues to develop but toddlers still at risk for falls due to lack of motor coordination

75% of brain growth is complete by age --

2

what infections are common in toddlers and why

upper respiratory tract infections, otitis media, and tonsillitis are common

- this is because ear structures are short and straight, and tonsils are large

when does sphincter control develop

18-24 months

gross motor development at 15 months

- walks without help

- creeps up stairs

gross motor development at 18 months

- jumps in place with both feet

- runs clumsily

gross motor development at 24 months

- goes up and down stairs alone

- runs with wide stance

gross motor development at 30 months

- stands on one foot momentarily

- takes a few steps on tiptoe

fine motor development at 15 months

- uses cup well

- builds tower of two cubes

fine motor development at 18 months

- builds tower of 3-4 cubes

- uses spoon

fine motor development at 24 months

- turns doorknobs

- unscrews lids

fine motor development at 30 months

- good hand finger coordination

- holds crayon

Erikson stage for toddlers

autonomy vs shame and doubt

- begins development of independence and self control

- conflict between being independent and enjoying dependence

negativism

frequent negative responses to requests, everything is "no"

- seen in toddlers

ritualism

provides a sense of comfort, routines

- seen in toddlers

foundational tasks for toddlers

- differentiation of self from others, particularly mother

- toleration of separation from parents

- ability to withstand delayed gratification

- control over bodily functions

- acquisition of socially acceptable behavior

- verbal means of communication

Piaget cognitive development toddlers

sensorimotor phases (two last sub stages)

- Tertiary circular reactions (13-18 months)

- Invention of new means through mental combinations (19-24 months)

Tertiary circular reactions

- 13-18 months

- recognize causal relationships but does not transfer the knowledge to new situations ie flipping a light switch

Invention of new means through mental combinations

- 19-24 months

- object permanence is fully developed

- imitation

- identification with parent of same gender

Piaget cognitive development ages 2-7

pre-operational phase

- egocentrism, transductive reasoning, centration, animism, magical thinking, inability to conserve

spiritual development in toddlers

- routines can be comforting such as prayer before meals and bedtime

- often parallels cognitive development

- influence toddler behavior

development of body image in toddlers

- body integrity poorly understood (intrusive experiences are threatening (vital signs, looking in the ear)

- recognizes gender differences by age 2

development of sexuality in toddlers

- exploration of genitalia is common

- gender roles are understood by a toddler

separation

emergence from a symbiotic relationship with mother

- seen in toddlers

individuation

achievements that mark the childs expression of their individual character

- seen in toddlers

reapproachmet

parental response is critical to proper development, child pulls away to explore but returns for assurance

- seen in toddlers

in toddlers, transitional objects provide ---

security, such as blankets or favorite toys

how many word phrases can a 2 yo use

2-3 word phrases

how many word phrases can a 3 yo use

3-4 word phrases

early media usage --- language skills

decreases

reading to children --- language skills

enhances

how do toddlers play

parallel play- alongside not with

tactile play- water toys, play dough, finger paint, sand

regressive behavior is common in

hospitalized children

how to help with temper tantrums

- boundaries

- choices

- consistency

- praise positive behavior

nutriton for toddlers

- phenomenon of physiologic anorexia

- grazing, food jags due to ritualism

- risk for choking

dental health for toddlers

- parents assist with cleaning

- limited sugar in the diet

when can children stop using a booster seat

- older than 8 years old

- must be at least 4 ft, 9 inches tall

AAP recommends rear facing car seats until --- years old

2

how long is the preschooler period

3-5 years

how does physical growth change in the preschooler period

slows and stabilizes

average weight gain of a preschooler per year

5 pounds

gross motor skills of a 3 year old

- rides tricycle

- jumps off bottom step

- tries to dance

gross motor skills of a 4 year old

- skips and hops on one foot

- walks downstairs using alternate foot

gross motor skills of a 5 year old

- jumps rope

- balances on alternate toes

fine motor skills of a 3 year old

- builds tower of 9-10 cubes

- copies circles

fine motor skills of a 4 year old

- uses scissors to cut along an outline

- can lace shoes but not a bow tie

fine motor skills of a 5 year old

- ties shoes

- draws words such as names

language of a 3 year old

3-4 word sentences

talks incessantly

language of a 4 year old

sentences of 4-5 words

obeys prepositional phrases, such as under, beside, in front of