Skin, Body Membranes, and Fingerprints

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering fingerprint anatomy and patterns, classification of body membranes, integumentary system structures, skin appendages, homeostatic imbalances, burns, and skin cancer types.

The visible raised portions of the skin on fingertips are called __________.

epidermal ridges

Peg-like projections of the dermis that anchor the epidermis and create fingerprint patterns are called __________.

dermal papillae

Friction ridges begin to form around the 10th to 13th week of gestation and are fully set by the __________ week.

24th

Identical twins share the same DNA but have different fingerprints due to unique environmental __________ in the womb.

microforces

Only injuries that destroy the underlying __________ will permanently erase or scar a fingerprint.

dermal papillae

Loop fingerprint patterns account for about 65% of the population and must contain exactly __________ delta.

one

An ulnar loop opens toward the pinky finger, while a radial loop opens toward the __________.

thumb

Whorl fingerprint patterns contain circular or spiral ridges and must have at least __________ deltas.

two

An arch pattern flows from one side of the finger to the other with a rise in the center and contains __________ deltas.

zero

An arch pattern where ridges rise sharply at the center creating a steep, spike-like peak is called a __________ arch.

tented

The superficial layer of the cutaneous membrane is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, while the underlying dermis consists mostly of __________ connective tissue.

dense

Synovial membranes are composed of connective tissue only, line fibrous capsules surrounding joints, and secrete a __________ fluid.

lubricating

The four main skin derivatives in the integumentary system are sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and __________.

nails

The skin prevents desiccation (drying out) primarily through keratin and a waterproofing __________.

glycolipid

Vitamin D synthesis in the skin occurs when modified __________ molecules are converted by sunlight.

cholesterol

In the epidermis, the layer found only in thick, hairless skin of the palms and soles is the stratum __________.

lucidum

Cells undergoing active mitosis in the epidermis are located in the deepest layer, the stratum __________.

basale

The outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of shingle-like dead cells filled with keratin, is the stratum __________.

corneum

Melanin is a pigment produced by cells called melanocytes, which are primarily located in the stratum __________.

basale

The dermis is divided into two regions: the upper __________ layer containing papillae, and the deeper reticular layer.

papillary

In the dermis, __________ fibers provide skin with its toughness, whereas elastic fibers provide elasticity.

collagen

The three pigments that determine normal skin color are melanin, carotene, and __________.

hemoglobin

Sebaceous glands produce oil (sebum) to lubricate skin and kill bacteria, and they are activated during __________.

puberty

Sweat glands that empty directly onto the skin surface via a duct to a pore are called __________ glands, while apocrine glands empty into hair follicles.

eccrine

Apocrine sweat differs from eccrine sweat because it contains fatty acids and __________ in addition to water, salts, and metabolic waste.

proteins

A cross-section of a hair reveals three regions: a central medulla, a surrounding cortex, and an outermost heavily keratinized __________.

cuticle

Smooth muscle bands connected to hair follicles that contract to pull hairs upright when cold or frightened are called __________ muscles.

arrector pili

The proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body is commonly known as the __________.

cuticle

Athlete's foot (tinea pedis) is a skin infection caused by a __________.

fungal infection

Cold sores appearing around the lips are homeostatic imbalances caused by a __________.

virus

The Rule of Nines estimates burn extent by dividing the body into areas representing multiples of 9%; the anterior and posterior trunk combined represent __________% of total body surface area.

36

In the Rule of Nines, the perineum accounts for __________% of total body surface area.

1

Burns that damage both the epidermis and upper dermis, causing redness and blisters, are classified as __________-degree burns.

second

Burns are considered critical if over 25% of the body has second-degree burns, or over __________% of the body has third-degree burns.

10

The least malignant and most common type of skin cancer, which arises from the stratum basale, is __________ carcinoma.

basal cell

Squamous cell carcinoma arises from cells in the stratum __________ and can metastasize to lymph nodes if not removed.

spinosum

The most deadly skin cancer, which originates in melanocytes and metastasizes rapidly through blood and lymph vessels, is __________.

malignant melanoma

In the ABCD rule for recognizing melanoma, 'D' stands for diameter, referring to a spot larger than __________ in diameter.

$$6\,mm$$