IT Ethics, Data Privacy, Databases, and Project Management

What is ethics?

A set of principles about right and wrong used to guide decisions.

What are morals?

Principles or standards of right and wrong behavior governing beliefs, values, and actions.

Difference between ethics and morals?

Morals are personal standards; ethics are broader standards applied to everyone.

What is a law?

A system of rules telling us what we may and may not do.

Does legal always mean ethical?

No. Legal actions are not always ethical.

What is a professional code of ethics?

A statement of principles and core values expected of members of an organization.

What are benefits of a professional code of ethics?

Better decision-making, higher standards, public trust, and evaluation benchmarks.

What are fair information practices?

Guidelines governing collection and use of personal data.

What is GDPR?

A law that protects personal data of EU citizens.

What does GDPR stand for?

General Data Protection Regulation.

What three major categories of data privacy laws exist?

Financial data, health information, and children's personal data.

What laws protect financial data?

FCRA, RFPA, and FACTA.

What laws protect health information?

HIPAA and HITECH.

What laws protect children's personal data?

FERPA and COPPA.

What does HIPAA stand for?

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.

What does HITECH stand for?

Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act.

What does FERPA stand for?

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act.

What does COPPA stand for?

Children's Online Privacy Protection Act.

What does the Fourth Amendment protect?

Protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.

What is a National Security Letter (NSL)?

An order requiring information to be provided during a federal investigation.

What is an internet filter?

Software used to block access to inappropriate or offensive websites.

What is a safety-critical system?

A system whose failure may cause injury or death.

What is a whistleblower?

Someone who reports illegal, unethical, or unsafe behavior within an organization.

What is data management?

Processes for obtaining, storing, securing, processing, and maintaining data.

What is data governance?

Roles, responsibilities, and processes that ensure data can be trusted and used.

What is the database approach?

Multiple information systems share a pool of related data.

What is a DBMS?

Software used to access, manage, and control databases.

What is an entity?

A person, place, or thing for which data is collected.

What is an attribute?

A characteristic of an entity.

What is a field?

A single attribute about an entity.

What is a record?

A collection of fields describing a specific entity.

What is a primary key?

A field or set of fields that uniquely identifies a record.

What is a foreign key?

A field that references a primary key in another table.

What is SQL?

A language used to access and manipulate database data.

What does SQL stand for?

Structured Query Language.

What is a schema?

A definition of database tables, fields, and relationships.

What is DQL?

Data Query Language used to retrieve data from a database.

What is selection in a database?

Eliminating rows according to specified criteria.

What is projection in a database?

Eliminating columns from a table.

What is joining?

Combining tables through common fields.

What is the main advantage of relational databases?

Reduced data redundancy through linked tables.

What is Database as a Service (DaaS)?

A cloud-hosted database managed by a service provider.

What is a project?

A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.

What are operations?

Ongoing day-to-day activities of a business.

What is a core competency?

Something a company does exceptionally well and is difficult for competitors to imitate.

What is project management?

Applying knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to meet project requirements.

Who are project stakeholders?

People involved in or affected by a project.

What is project scope?

All work required to complete a project successfully.

What is scope creep?

Adding features without accounting for impacts on cost, schedule, or resources.

What is a project schedule?

A plan listing activities, dates, milestones, and assigned resources.

What is a project deadline?

The date by which a project should be completed and operational.

What are the three project constraints?

Scope, schedule, and cost.

What is the critical path?

Project activities that, if delayed, delay the entire project.

What is a Gantt chart?

A graphical tool used for planning and monitoring projects.

What is quality planning?

Identifying quality standards and determining how to meet them.

What is quality assurance?

Evaluating project performance to ensure quality standards are met.

What is quality control?

Monitoring specific results to determine compliance with quality standards.

What are Tuckman's five team development stages?

Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning.

What is project risk?

An uncertain event that can positively or negatively affect project objectives.

What is a risk owner?

The person responsible for monitoring and managing a risk.

What is the goal of Business Intelligence (BI)?

To transform data into useful information for better decision-making.

What does ETL stand for?

Extract, Transform, Load.

What are the 5 Vs of Big Data?

Volume, Velocity, Value, Variety, and Veracity.

What is a data warehouse?

A large database containing business information from many sources.

What is a data mart?

A subset of a data warehouse focused on a particular business area.

What is a data lake?

A repository that stores data in raw form.

What is NoSQL?

A non-relational database with flexible structures and no predefined schema.

What are the four categories of NoSQL databases?

Key-value, Document, Graph, and Column.

Why are NoSQL databases used?

To handle large volumes of diverse and rapidly changing data.

What is Hadoop?

Open-source software for storing and processing very large datasets.

What is machine learning?

A branch of AI that enables systems to learn from data without explicit programming.

What is supervised learning?

Learning from labeled training data.

What is unsupervised learning?

Learning from unlabeled data to discover patterns.

What is reinforcement learning?

Learning through rewards and penalties.

What is deep learning?

A machine learning technique using artificial neural networks with multiple layers.

What is NLP?

Natural Language Processing, enabling computers to understand human language.

What does NLP stand for?

Natural Language Processing.

What are common NLP applications?

Chatbots, virtual assistants, translation, text recognition, and sentiment analysis.

What is computer vision?

Technology that enables computers to interpret and analyze visual information.

What is generative AI?

AI that creates new content such as text, images, and audio.

What are LLMs?

Large Language Models trained on massive text and code datasets.

What does LLM stand for?

Large Language Model.

What is an AI copilot?

An intelligent assistant that works alongside humans and provides real-time support.