■ AP World Study Guide – Test Prep

What are the key beliefs of Hinduism?

Caste system, reincarnation, karma, moksha, ethnic religion (not universalizing).

What are the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?

Central teachings that outline the nature of suffering and the path to enlightenment.

What is the significance of the Mandate of Heaven in Confucianism?

It justifies the rule of the emperor based on their virtue and ability to govern.

What does Daoism emphasize?

Harmony with nature, the Dao, wu wei (non-action), and the balance of yin-yang.

What does the term Diaspora refer to in Judaism?

The dispersion of Jews outside of Israel.

What was the Great Schism in Christianity?

The split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

The basic acts of worship which are fundamental to a Muslim's faith and practice.

What type of political organization was seen in South Asia prior to 1200?

Rarely unified; the Mauryan Empire was the largest.

What were the key innovations from South Asia?

Zero, decimals, and advancements in astronomy.

In Southeast Asia, what was uniquely different about social hierarchies compared to India and China?

Women had more autonomy than in India and China.

What significant innovations did East Asia contribute?

Printing, gunpowder, and the compass.

What was the political structure in Dar al-Islam?

Characterized by caliphates governed by Sharia law.

What type of economy was predominant in medieval Europe?

Agrarian economy with manorialism.

What role did griots play in West & Central Africa?

They were storytellers and keepers of oral history.

What were the major agricultural products in the Americas?

Maize, beans, and squash.

How did social structures differ in South Asia and East Asia?

South Asia had a rigid caste system, while East Asia had a Confucian hierarchy.

What was the political state comparison between Dar al-Islam and Europe?

Unified caliphates in Dar al-Islam vs. fragmented feudal states in Europe.