Lab Animals Midterm 2

what are 4 ways in which we use animals in research

• Advancing scientific knowledge (animal behavior ect..)

• Applied studies (gain knowledge and find solution)

• Models for human/animal disease

• Toxicity testing (cosmetics, household products)

what is the estimated number in animals used in research each year

50-100 million

Has use of animal research gone down

Has decreased by 30-50% since peak years

what is the animal that is used in research 80-90% of the time

rats and mice

what 3 animals arent reported in the U.S numbers of animals used each year

-Fish

-invertebrates (octopus)

-Mice& rats

what are 3 ways in witch companion animals are used in veterinary medicine research

-Disease models for treatment development

-surgical and anesthesia models

-Blood donation for medical care

what does the animal welfare Act (1966) do

Regulates the treatment of animals in research and exhibition

what animals are covered in the Animal welfare act (1966)

-animals used or bred for exhibit and for biomedical research, teaching or testing

what is special about the Animal Welfare Act 1966

USDA has standard of care for only certain species (dogs,cats,prmates, rabbits, guinea pigs)

what 3 types of animals are excluded from coverage of the Animal Welfare act 1966

Rats and mice (bred for research)

-Farm animals (for consumption)

-Fish and invertebrates

what is meant by “good practice” in a Lab setting

That a laboratory setting is characterized by standardization or a environment that is strictly controlled ( temp,lighting)to eliminate outside variables (confounding factors) from messing up experimental results

what are 3 cost of animals in a laboratory setting

• animal welfare concerns

• male rodents over represented in studies

• poor reproducibility of preclinical research

what are things that are tested for in a lab animals welfare concerns

social housing, enrichment, painful procedures, activity budget

what is meant by male rodents over represented in studies

many researches wish to avoid issues with estrous cycle and allow for social dominance testing

why is poor reproducibility of preclinical research an important factor in the cost of Laboratory setting

It has been estimated that 6% of animal studies translate to human response

what are 4 requirements of animal and human subjects in Research

-Significant, productive research

-Avoid unnecessary suffering

-conducted by scientifically qualified person

• Review by independent local committee

what are 2 independent local committee that review animal and human subjects in Research

Institutional review Board (IRB)-Humans

Institutional Animal care and use Commitee (IACUC)- Animals

what is the process for Humans to be used in research

-scientist must receive informed consent

-Special provisions for pregnant women, fetuses and neonates, prisoners, children

what is the process for using animals in research

IACUC gives “consent” for the animals

What is the IACUC looking into

They are not looking at housing they are looking at what is beeing down to theses animals for research

Who is apart of IACUC

• Scientist who uses animals in research

• veterinarian

• non-scientist

• General community member

why is taking care of animals good for experiment

-in order for good rearch we need good animal welfare, cause somtimes bad treatment could mess up experiment -Russell ad Burch

What are the 3 R’s from Russell and Burch

-Reduce

-Refine

-Replace

what does Reduce mean in the 3 R’s

decrease umber of animals used

what does Refine mean in the 3 R’s

Develop techniques that minimized pain and distress

what does replace mean in the 3 R’s

Find non-animal techniques

what does the Replacement principle encourage

the use of “conscious living” vertebrates without ability of complex sentence-Russell and Burch

what are theses animals that are seen to be “conscious living” vertebrates without ability of complex sentence-Russell and Burch

-Nematode (round worms)

-Fungi (bakers yeast)

-Arthropod (fruit fly)

what is the EPA and what do they regulate

Environmental Protection Agency

• protect from chemicals

what is the FDA and what do they regulate

Food and Drug Administration

-drugs, food additives

what is the EPA goal

to eliminate all mammal testing in toxicity by 2035