New Testament exam 2

Jesus-Moses Connection

The structural and thematic parallel in Matthew contrasting Jesus delivering the Sermon on the Mount with Moses receiving the Law on Mount Sinai.

Teaching with Authority

A key description of Jesus' instruction in Matthew 7:28-29, distinguishing his divine teaching authority from that of the scribes and traditional teachers of the law.

Fulfilling the Law

Jesus' model in Matthew 5:17-20 of guiding people toward goodness by writing the law on human hearts (Jeremiah 31:33) and creating an internal lifestyle rather than enforcing a rigid rulebook.

Eye for an Eye

An Old Testament rule from Exodus 21:24 originally given to limit retribution, which Jesus expands upon in Matthew 5:38-42 by commanding non-retaliation through turning the other cheek, giving one's cloak, and walking two miles.

Matthew 5:48

The instruction 'Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect,' which summarizes the fulfillment of the Law by shifting focus from individual morality to public loving actions.

The Lord's Prayer

A model prayer featuring imperative petitions such as 'sanctify thy name' and expanding the concept of 'debts' to encompass financial obligations, personal sins, and failures to do good.

Golden Rule (Matthew 7:12)

Jesus' moral principle presented in a positive formulation, directing followers to do to others what they would have done to themselves.

Forgiveness of Sins (1st Century Jewish Context)

A phrase that primarily implied the end of national exile for Israel, serving as a sign that the God of the Old Testament was returning to restore His kingdom.

Synoptic Concept of Salvation

A holistic view encompassing present earthly restoration to community, inclusion of outcasts, and participation in the Kingdom of God, rather than a simplistic formula for going to heaven.

Take Up Your Cross

A foundational imperative regarding discipleship and salvation that appears three times across the Synoptic Gospels in Matthew 10:38, Matthew 16:24, and Luke 14:27.

Gospel of Matthew

The Synoptic Gospel that portrays Jesus as the promised Messiah and King, structures his genealogy into three groups of 14 generations (6 groups of 7 with Jesus starting the 7th), and records the Visit of the Magi, the Slaughter of the Innocents, and the Escape to Egypt.

Gospel of Mark

The shortest Synoptic Gospel, which omits Jesus' early life details, defends the necessity of suffering and the cross, stresses secrecy, and launches into Jesus' public ministry immediately following his baptism and temptation.

Gospel of Luke

The Synoptic Gospel emphasizing Jesus as the innocent Savior of all people (especially the excluded or disadvantaged), linking his genealogy back to Adam, and featuring prominent hymns in its birth narrative.

Lukan Hymns

The five liturgical or poetic passages contained in Luke's early narrative: the Ave Maria (1:42-45), Magnificat (1:46-55), Benedictus (1:67-79), Gloria in Excelsis (2:14), and Nunc Dimittis (2:29-32).

Kingdom of God / Kingdom of Heaven

Synonymous terms representing a central Jewish socio-political and religious concept that refers to the beginning of God's active reign and His return to directly rule over Israel and the world.

Purpose of Miracles and Healings

Demonstrations that verify God's active presence and Jesus' divine connection, proving that he is the Messiah and that the reign of God is actively breaking into the world.

Purpose of Exorcisms

Jesus' driving out of evil spirits to reveal that evil, Satan, and demons—rather than political entities like Rome—are the true enemies blocking God's Kingdom, proving his authority to overcome them.

Messianic Secret

A motif in which Jesus commands silence regarding his true identity in order to redefine Messiahship on his own terms and ensure he is understood through the lens of the cross.

Theophilus

The recipient to whom both the Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts are explicitly addressed.

Dating of Acts

The estimated timeframe for the writing of Acts, ranging from as early as the mid-60s AD to between 70-90 AD.

Outline of Acts

The three-part geographic expansion of the early church described in the book: Church in Jerusalem, Church in Judea and Samaria, and Church spreading throughout the world.

Matthias

The disciple chosen in Acts 1 to replace Judas Iscariot and restore the apostolic number to 12.

Ascension of Jesus

The event in Acts 1 where Jesus was taken up to heaven, after which angels informed the disciples that he would return in the same way.

Pentecost

One of three major Jewish festivals, occurring 50 days after Passover, on which the Holy Spirit descended upon the disciples and enabled them to speak in foreign languages.

Tower of Babel (Gen. 11)

The Old Testament event involving the confusion of human languages, whose division is undone at Pentecost through the Holy Spirit.

Day of Jubilee (Leviticus 25:8-13)

An Old Testament law fulfilled in Acts 2 and 4, demonstrated by believers holding all possessions in common and distributing to anyone in need.

Sanhedrin

The Jewish ruling council that arrested Peter and John and prohibited them from continuing to preach in the name of Jesus.

Hellenistic Jews

Greek-speaking Jewish members of the early church who raised a complaint regarding the omission of their widows from daily food distribution.

Seven Servants

A group of seven men appointed by the 12 apostles to manage food distribution for Hellenistic widows, considered the origin of deacons.

Stephen

One of the seven appointed servants who was arrested while preaching in the temple area, became the first Christian martyr, and prayed for the forgiveness of his persecutors.

Saul (Conversion)

A persecutor of the church who encountered Jesus on the road to Damascus, converted, was introduced to the Jerusalem leaders by Barnabas, and was eventually sent to Tarsus.

Barnabas

A disciple who vouched for Saul when the Jerusalem church doubted his conversion and later co-led missionary journeys with him.

Cornelius

A God-fearing Roman centurion who received the Holy Spirit along with his household, proving to Peter that God offers salvation to Gentiles.

Peter's Vision (Acts 10)

A divine vision of unclean animals accompanied by the command 'Don't call unclean what I've made clean,' signifying that Gentiles were accepted by God.

Antioch

The city where believers began actively preaching to Greeks and from which Paul and Barnabas were dispatched on their first missionary journey.

Paul's First Missionary Journey

The shortest and simplest journey taken by Paul and Barnabas through Galatia, during which Saul is first referred to as Paul.

John Mark

A ministry companion who departed from Paul and Barnabas at Attalia to return to Jerusalem, causing a temporary rift with Paul.

Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15)

A council of church leaders that determined Gentiles do not need to undergo circumcision or strictly observe the Jewish law to be saved.

James (Brother of Jesus)

The church leader who affirmed at the Council of Jerusalem that detailed obedience to Jewish law is not required for followers of Jesus.

Paul's 2nd and 3rd Missionary Journeys

Missionary trips conducted by Paul and Silas across region routes similar to his first journey, during which Paul authored most of his epistles.

Acts 28 Conclusion

The final section of Acts where Paul remains under house arrest in Rome awaiting trial, highlighting that the Gospel reached the imperial capital.

Parable

A simple story designed to convey a point, where the primary emphasis is on the overall lesson rather than every individual component, offering no more than one or two major takeaways.

Augustine

An influential theologian (354-430AD) who wrote a major treatise on the Doctrine of the Trinity, developed the Doctrine of the Fall of Man (Original Sin, Election/Predestination, and Grace) from Genesis 3, and allegorized the Good Samaritan.

Parable of the Good Samaritan

A parable addressing the question 'Who is my neighbor?' by showing that the neighbor is the one who showed mercy and helped the stranger in need.

Parable of the Prodigal Son

A parable with two takeaways: God welcomes home repentant sinners, and the older brother's anger illustrates self-righteousness and a lack of concern for what matters to the father.

Kingdom of God

A term synonymous with 'Kingdom of Heaven' that refers to the reign of God as direct ruler on earth—a real place and state of mind that includes non-Jews and spreads through service rather than violence.

Prologue (John 1:1-18)

The opening section of John's Gospel that connects Jesus as the Word (who was God and became flesh) to Genesis 1 and Jewish Wisdom tradition.

Book of Signs

The section of John's Gospel (1:19-12:50) recording seven specific miracles that demonstrate Jesus' authority and power over the world.

Book of Glory

The section of John's Gospel (13:1-20:31) covering Jesus' last week on earth, including the foot washing, farewell discourse, crucifixion as glorification, and resurrection appearances.

The Seven Signs

Seven specific miracles recorded in John—turning water to wine, healing the official's son, healing the paralytic, feeding 5,000, walking on water, healing a man born blind, and raising Lazarus.

I AM Statements

Seven major declarations in John connected to Exodus 3:14 that demonstrate Jesus' authority over nature, sickness, and death.

Palm Sunday

The event marking Jesus' entrance into Jerusalem on a donkey while being greeted by crowds laying palm branches before Him.

Abomination that Causes Desolation

A phrase referenced from Daniel 9:27 in Jesus' prophecy, describing a false religious person or action taking place in the temple.

Sanhedrin

The Jewish council before which Jesus had His first trial, where He was charged with sacrilege after quoting Daniel 7:13-14 regarding the Son of Man.

Pontius Pilate

The Roman governor who questioned Jesus about being King of the Jews and ultimately proceeded with His execution despite finding the religious dispute uninteresting.

Church of the Holy Sepulchre

A historical church site traditionally located on the ground of Golgotha and the empty tomb.

Golgotha

The site of Jesus' crucifixion located on a hill just outside of Jerusalem.

Resurrection of Jesus

The permanent, bodily transformation and defeat of death in which Jesus returned from the dead and ascended into heaven never to die again.

Great Commission

The directive in Matthew 28:16-20 where Jesus meets His disciples in Galilee, asserts all authority in heaven and on earth, and sends them out.

Road to Emmaus

The setting where the risen Jesus appeared to Cleopas and another traveler, reinterpreting all of Scripture to demonstrate why Christ had to suffer to enter glory.

Longer Ending of Mark

The textual passage Mark 16:9-20, which summarizes resurrection narratives found in Matthew and Luke and is generally not considered original to Mark.

Shorter Ending of Mark

An uncanonical ending preserved in one fourth-century manuscript that is almost certainly not original to the Gospel of Mark.