human movement muscoskeletal

What is the skeletal system?

Bones and joints

How many bones are in an adult skeleton?

206 bones

What is anatomical position?

Standing, feet together, palms forward

What does anterior mean?

In front of the reference point

What does posterior mean?

Behind the reference point

What does superior mean?

Above the reference point

What does inferior mean?

Below the reference point

What does medial mean?

Towards the midline

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline

What does proximal mean?

Closer to limb attachment

What does distal mean?

Further from limb attachment

What does superficial mean?

Towards the surface

What does deep mean?

Further from the surface

What are the five skeletal functions?

Support, protection, movement, blood, mineral storage

What does the skeleton provide?

Support and body shape

What does the skeleton protect?

Vital internal organs

How do bones help movement?

They act as levers

Where are red blood cells produced?

Bone marrow

What minerals do bones store?

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chlorine

What are the two skeleton sections?

Axial and appendicular

What does the axial skeleton do?

Supports and protects vital organs

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

Limbs and girdles

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

What are the five bone types?

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

What is a long bone?

Longer than it is wide

What is a short bone?

Roughly cubical

What is a flat bone?

Encloses cavities and provides flat areas

What is a sesamoid bone?

Bone developed inside a tendon

What is an irregular bone?

Bone with no regular shape

Give an example of a long bone.

Femur

Give an example of a short bone.

Carpals

Give an example of a flat bone.

Cranium

Give an example of a sesamoid bone.

Patella

Give an example of an irregular bone.

Vertebrae

What are the three connective tissues?

Cartilage, tendons, ligaments

What do tendons attach?

Muscles to bones

What do ligaments attach?

Bone to bone

What does cartilage protect?

Ends of bones

What is ossification?

Cartilage turning into bone

What are the three joint types?

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

What movement does a fibrous joint allow?

No movement

What movement does a cartilaginous joint allow?

Slight movement

What movement does a synovial joint allow?

Freely moveable

What are the six synovial joints?

Hinge, ball-socket, pivot, gliding, saddle, condyloid

What does a hinge joint allow?

Flexion and extension

What does a ball-and-socket joint allow?

Full range of movement

What does a pivot joint allow?

Rotation around an axis

Where is a gliding joint found?

Carpals and tarsals

Where is a saddle joint found?

Base of the thumb

What is flexion?

Decreasing the joint angle

What is extension?

Increasing the joint angle

What is abduction?

Movement away from the midline

What is adduction?

Movement towards the midline

What is dorsiflexion?

Foot moves upwards toward the shin

What is plantarflexion?

Foot points away from the leg

What is supination?

Palm facing upwards

What is pronation?

Palm facing downwards

What are the three muscle types?

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Voluntary

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Involuntary

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Involuntary

What do skeletal muscles do?

Pull on bones

What is an agonist?

The muscle creating movement

What is an antagonist?

The muscle that relaxes

What is reciprocal inhibition?

Muscles working in pairs

What can muscles do?

They can only pull

What are fast-twitch fibres suited for?

Power, speed and anaerobic events

What are slow-twitch fibres suited for?

Endurance and aerobic events

What is muscle atrophy?

Loss of muscle bulk

What is muscle hypertrophy?

Increase in muscle bulk

What happens during acute exercise?

Oxygen demand and blood flow increase

What are chronic muscular adaptations?

Hypertrophy, capillaries, neural adaptations, strength