Magyarország a rendszerváltás után (Hungary After the Change of Regime)

Flashcards covering Hungary's post-1989 regime change, key political governments, economic transformations, social issues, and international integrations.

How is a state governed by the rule of law defined in the lecture notes?

A state where the rule of law prevails and public power is subject to the law, meaning power is exercised based on public, written legal rules by authorized organizations and individuals.

What is identified as the opposite of the rule of law?

Arbitrariness (önkény).

What parliamentary majorities are required for general governance and for the most important laws in Hungary?

General governance requires a $50\% + 1$ parliamentary majority, while the most important laws require a $2/3$ majority ($67\%$).

Which government led Hungary during the transition period from 1988 to 1990?

The MSZMP government led by Német Miklós.

What significant event occurred on June 19, 1991?

The withdrawal of the last Soviet soldier from Hungary.

Who served as Prime Ministers during the MDF-KDNP-FKgP coalition government from 1990 to 1994?

Antal József, followed by B. Péter.

Which coalition governed Hungary from 1994 to 1998, and who was the Prime Minister?

An MSZP-SZDSZ coalition government led by Horn Gyula.

Which coalition governed Hungary from 1998 to 2002, and who was the Prime Minister?

A Fidesz-FKgP-MDF coalition led by Orbán Viktor.

Which coalition governed from 2002 to 2006, and who were its Prime Ministers?

An MSZDP-SZDSZ coalition led by Medgyessy Péter, followed by Gyurcsány.

What was the outcome of Medgyessy Péter's 100-day program?

It introduced welfare measures that led to national indebtedness and a coalition crisis, resulting in Medgyessy's resignation.

Who led the MSZP-SZDSZ government from 2006 to 2010?

Gyurcsány Ferenc, followed by Bojnai Gordon.

What political event occurred in the autumn of 2006?

The leak of the Balatonösződi speech (Balatonösződi beszéd).

Which political party has been in power in Hungary since 2010?

Fidesz.

What was spontaneous privatization (spontán magánosítás) between 1987 and 1990?

A process where a decisive portion of state assets was transferred at deeply undervalued prices into the hands of the party-state elite or foreign investors.

How were victims of communism compensated under the Antal government?

Through compensation vouchers (kárpótlási jegyek), which allowed them to bid on shares and land.

Which economic sector became the main driving force of the Hungarian economy following EU integration?

The third sector (tertiary sector).

How was the global economic crisis that began in 2008 managed in Hungary?

It was handled with assistance from the International Monetary Fund (Nemzetközi Valuta alap).

What were the main social characteristics of the period referred to as 'wild capitalism' (vadkapitalizmus)?

The end of full employment with unemployment above $10\%$ (over 1 million people), growing income and wealth disparities, enrichment of former party-state leaders, and an overburdened social welfare system.

Which countries make up the Visegrád Four regional cooperation, and what historic event inspired it?

Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary; inspired by the $1335$ Congress of Visegrád (1335-ös visegrádi királytalálkozó).

What are the benefits and obligations of Hungary's NATO membership since 1999?

Benefits include the world's strongest military defense umbrella, while obligations include military missions, information sharing, and joint policy.

In what year did compulsory military service (sorkatonaság) end in Hungary?

$2004$.