Chemistry 1100 Exam 3 Mizzou Keller sections 10.3-11.5

organic chemistry

is devoted to the study of carbon compounds

- carbon is combined with a relatively small number of other elements

= hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, phosphorus, and bromine

isomers

molecules with the same chemical formula (same number and kind of atoms), but with different structures and properties

structural formula

shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound

condensed structural formula

- are trickier to interpret

- system of writing organic structures in a line of text

structural formula vs. condensed structural formula

line-angle drawing

- better for representing larger molecules

- helps the viewer to focus on the backbone of carbon atoms

functional group

distinctive arrangements of groups of atoms that impact characteristic physical properties to the molecules that contain them

- represent the "R" group of the molecule

the "R"

- represents the functional group

- generally assumed to be at least one carbon or hydrogen atom

what are functional groups responsible for

the action of all drugs

free base

a nitrogen-containing molecule in which the nitrogen is in possession of its lone pair of electrons

substituents

an atom or functional group that has been substituted for a hydrogen atom

hormones

the chemical messengers in the body's endocrine glands

thyroxine

a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland

- regulates metabolism

insulin

a hormone secreted from the pancreas

- allows the body to use glucose(blood sugar) for energy

adrenaline (epinephrine)

a hormone secreted in the adrenal gland

- molecule that prepares the body to "fight or flight"

enzymes

proteins that act as biochemical catalysts

- influences the rates of chemical reactions

- most channel them so that only one product (or set of related products) is formed

cyclo-oxygenases

catalyze the synthesis of a series of hormone-like compounds called prostaglandins

-COX1

- COX2

prostaglandins

- produce fever and swelling

- increase sensitivity of pain receptors

- inhibit blood vessel dilation

- regulate production of acid and mucus in the stomach

- assist kidney functions

how does aspirin react with prostaglandin

- it prevents the production of prostaglandin

- reduces fever and swelling

- suppresses pain receptors

- functions as a pain killer

structure-activity relationship (SAR) study

systematic changes made to a drug molecule and assessment of the resulting changes in activity

drugs can be classified into 2 groups

- those that produce a physiological response in the body

- those that inhibit the growth of substances that cause infections

characteristics of a drug

- pain relief

- fever reduction

- system regulation

- decongestant

- antibiotics

what is a drug

a substance that changes the way your body functions

who discovered aspirin

Hippocrates from the bark of a willow tree that he made into a tea

BBB aka blood brain barrier

blood is hydrophilic but the brain and spinal cord are hydrophobic thus protecting those two areas of the body

what does the shape of a drug molecule do

form follows function

functional groups

- hydroxyl (alcohol)

- carboxylic acid

- ester

- amine

- amide (combo of amine and carboxylic acid)

hydroxyl (alcohol)

ethylene glycol

carboxylic acid

- ant sting

- formic acid

ester

pineapple smell

amine

CH3NH2 methaline

amide

proteins

aspirin

relieves aches, pain, fever, drug thinner

acetaminophen (tylenol)

ibuprofen

things that aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen have in common

- phenol rings give them all a flat structure

- 2 substituents

- C=O bonds

- all interact with enzymes

non steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's)

stop the production of the molecules that are causing pain and inflammation in the body

enzymes

speed up the nature of a chemical

transferase

adds a functional group to a substrate

hydrolase

adds water and breaks a bond

ligase

join molecules together

isomerase

rearranges the atoms in a substrate

biocatalysts

increase the rate of reaction with being consumed in the reaction

arachidonic acid

"fatty acid" that when exposed to cyclo-oxygenases creates prostaglandins such as

- when exposed to COX1 regulates kidney function and mucus lining

- when exposed to COX2 it causes inflammation

optical isomers

compounds that have the same chemical structure but are mirrored of the other

chiral center

4 unique atom groups are bonded to a single carbon

thalidomide

- sold over the counter

- one version containing caused birth defects

- one version was good at relieving morning sickness

ADME

- absorption

- distribution

- metabolism

- excretion

absorption

- oral

- IV

- inhalation

must get to the blood stream (tissues)

distribution

get to where the drug needs to go

- BBB aka blood brain barrier which acts as a chemical screen

metabolism

break down the drug

- drug+enzymes= metabolites

excretion

urine or feces

how drugs travel in the body

1. stomach absorbs

2. small intestines absorb

3. blood stream distributes

4. liver metabolizes

5. large intestines excretes

6. kidney excretes

steroids

class of hundred of different molecules all consisting of four rings of carbon molecules

examples of steroids

- cholesterol

- estrogen

- testosterone

cholesterol

- provides structure

- by one bond breaking in cholesterol due to a reaction with light vitamin D is formed

anabolic steroids

stimulate protein synthesis

poppy plants

- an opiate within the seeds is extracted

- the opiate is the plants defense mechanism

why do we eat

- energy

- nutrients

- satisfaction

- water

composition of the human body

- water 55%

- protein 20%

- fats 15%

- minerals 5%

- carbs 2%

- vitamins 1%

fats vs. oils

- fats are solid at room temperature

- oils are liquid at room temperature

triglycerides

glycerin+3 fatty acids

polyunsaturated fats

- have more that one C=C bond

- arachidonic acid (aspirin)

- likuleic acid

- non-polar but a very bent structure

transfats

- product of an industrial process called hydrogenation

hydrogenation

- turns oils into solids by adding hydrogens

- converts C=C double bonds into C-C single bonds

cis vs. trans

- cis is when non-hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the molecule which causes the bend in its shape

- trans is when the non-hydrogen atoms are on the opposite sides of the molecule

HDL vs. LDL

HDL

- good

- removes harmful cholesterol

LDL

- bad

- builds up in the blood stream

what does an increase in trans fats in ones diet do to HDL and LDL levels in the body

- HDL level lower

- LDL level rise

three fates of glucose in a cell

- first tier: energy production, if you need energy immediately it uses this

- second tier: store short term as glycogen

- third tier: store long term as fat

metabolism

complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life

malnutrition

caused by a diet lacking in proper nutrients, even though the energy content of the food may be adequate

undernourishment

condition in which a persons daily calorie intake is insufficient to meet metabolic needs

processed foods

foods that have been altered from their natural state by techniques such as canning, freezing, and adding chemicals such as thickeners or preservatives

macronutrients

the fats, carbohydrates, and proteins that provide essentially all of the energy and most of the raw material for body repair and synthesis

triglycerides

molecules that contain three ester functional groups

lipids

compounds that include not only triglycerides but also cholesterol and steroids

saturated fatty acid

hydrocarbon chain contains only single bonds between carbon atoms

unsaturated fatty acid

contain only one or more C=C double bonds

monounsaturated fatty acid

only one double bond between carbon atoms per molecule

polyunsaturated fatty acid

contain more than one double bond between carbon atoms

trans fats

triglycerides that are made up of one or more trans fatty acids

interesterification

any process in which fatty acids on two or more triglycerides are scrambled to produce a mixture of different triglycerides

carbohydrates

compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with H and O atoms found in a 2:1 ratio the same as H2O

monosaccharide

a single sugar

disaccharide

a "double sugar" formed from joining two monosaccharides

polysaccharides

condensation polymers made up of thousands of monosaccharide units