Plant Cell (worksheet)

Protoplast

The plasma membrane & its living cellular contents. Including the nucleus, excluding the cell wall.

Symplast

The continuous cytoplasmic (living) network among cells through which mineral nutrients & other dissolved substances can travel from cell to cell

Apoplast

The nonliving space outside the protoplast, including cell walls, through which water & dissolved substances can travel among cells

Tonoplast

The membrane surrounding the vacuole

Phragmoplast

An assembly of microtubules, membranes, and vesicle that forms during late anaphase or early telophase and precedes fusion of vesicles to form the cell plate

In a living cell, which part of the cell is not considered protoplast?

The cell wall

Cytoplasm =

protoplast - nucleus

Cytosol =

liquid portion of cytoplasm

T or F. All plant cells have both primary and secondary cell walls.

False

What 2 types of cells have just primary cell walls?

1. Photosynthetic cells

2. Storage cells

List the 5 components of the plant cell wall

1. Cellulose microfibrils

2. Hemicelluloses

3. Pectins

4. Extensin

5. Lignin

Differentiate between cellulose and hemicellulose based on branching.

Cellulose is unbranched.

Hemicellulose is highly branched.

Where in a cell are cellulose polymers synthesized?

At the plasma membrane

Where are the other components of the cell wall synthesized?

They are formed in the protoplast then secreted into the plasma membrane by the golgi apparatus

Re-arrange the following structures from the outside of a cell to the inside of a cell: middle lamella, plasma membrane, primary cell wall, secondary cell wall

Outside to inside:

1. Middle lamella

2. Primary cell wall

3. Secondary cell wall

4. Plasma membrane

Plasma membrane is composed of…

1. Polar lipids

2. Proteins

What are the 3 major types of membrane proteins?

1. Integral

2. Peripheral

3. Anchored

Which plant cell structure facilitates cell-to-cell communication and transport?

Plasmodesma(ta)

Symplast and apoplast are not organelles. Explain.

Symplast and apoplast refer to space. Symplast is the space or pathways that connects cells / travels through the cells. Apoplast is the space or pathways of the cell walls and between the cells and outside the cells.

Why do we call the nucleus the “control center” of the cell? Explain.

Because it contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and directs the synthesisi of most enzyme production (since enzymes perform the work of the cells).

How do the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus work in coordination with vesicular transport?

Proteins in the ER lumen undergod modifications before moving to the SER where transport vesicles are formed. With proteins inside, the vesicles move to the golgi apparatus, fusing with its membrane to deliver the proteins.

List the 3 different types of plastids.

1. Choloroplast

2. Amyloplast

3. Chromoplast

Which plastid has cholorphyll?

Chloroplast

Which plastid is colorless?

Amyloplast

Which plastid has orange and red pigments?

Chromoplast

What is the function of chloroplast?

Photosynthesis

What is the function of amyloplast?

Starch storage

What is the function of chromoplast?

Pigment in flowers, fruit, and leaves

Which plastid stores starch?

Amylostplast

Which plasatic contains pigments found in flowers, fruit, and leaves?

Chromoplast

Which plastid is key to photosynthesis?

Chloroplast

What are chloroplast’s 3 membranes?

1. readily permeable out membrane

2. selective inner membrane

3. thylakoid membrane: some occur in stacks (grana)

How many membranes does chloroplast have?

3

What are mitochondria’s 2 membranes?

1. readily permeable outer membrane

2. inner membrane has cristae, high in protein

How many membranes do mitchondria have?

2

List 3 functions of mitochondria

1. Site of respiration

2. Releases chemical energy stores in food (fats + carbs)

3. Transfer energy to form ATP

Gamete

A haploid reproductive cell

Meiosis

2 successive cell divisions produce 4 haploid cells from 1 diploid cell

Mitosis

Replicated chromosomes are distributed to daughter cells formed by cytokinesis

Sporophyte

The diploid multicellular structure that produces haploid spores by meiosis

Gametophyte

The haploid multicellular structure that produces haploid gametes by mitosis and differentation

Microspores

The haploid cell that develops into the pollen tube of male gametophyte

Megsaspores

The haploid spore that develops into the female gametophyte

Symplastic transport

The intercellular transport of water + solutes through plasmodesmata

Apoplastic transport

Movement of molecules through the cell wall continuum (through linked cell walls of adjacent cells)

Programmed cell death

Process of individual cells activating senescence accompanied by distinct morphological + biochemical changes

Nucleoplasm

The soluble matrix of the nucleus in which the chromosomes + nucelolus are suspended

Etioplast

Photosyntheitcally inactive form of chloroplast found in etiolated seedlings

Microbodies

Class of spherical organelles surrounded by a single membrane + specialized for one of several metabolic functions

Peroxisomes

Type of microbody in which organic substrates are oxidized by O₂, generating hydrogen peroxide that’s broken down to water

Glyoxysome

Type of microbody found in oil-rich storage tissues of seeds where fatty acids are oxidized

Cytoskeleton

Helps control the organization + polarity of organelles + cells during growth

The cytoskeleton is composed of what 2 things?

1. microfilaments of actin OR

2. microtubules of tubulin

Microfilament

Component of skytoskeleton, made of actin, involved in organelle motility within cells

Actin

A major ATP-binding cytoskeleton protein

Tubulin

A family of cytoskeleton GTP-binding proteins w/ 3 membranes

Cytosplasmic streaming

Coordinated movement of particles + organelles through the cytosol