Non-Verbal Communication

What are the two reasons supporting the importance of the face

1. Sending Capacity of different parts of the body (measured through 3 indices: speed, no. Of expressions, visibility)

2. Hypothesis that facial expressions of emotion are innate - darwin

Darwins 6 basic emotions

1. Disgust

2. Anger

3. Surprise

4. Fear

5. Sadness

6. Happiness

Functions of Facial Expressions

• Darwin provided explanation for disgust, anger, surprise, and fear → less successful for happiness and sadness

• Smiling and crying may be seen as innate behaviours → prime function is communication: crying distress signal to gain attention, smiling to maintain that attention

Posture study → Bull, 1987

• Pps rated videos (with soundtrack): some intended to evoke interest or boredom, others agreement or disagreement

• Ratings used to interpret postures displayed while reviewing the videos

→ body posture alone can be a strong indicator of different attitudes of listeners

Posture study → Vacharkulksemsuk

2 studies of expansive (vs Contractive) body postures at a speed dating event

1. Observational → coded postures at a a speed dating event (4 min only)

2. Experimental → 6 confederates (3M,3F) on a dating app, each with expansive and contradictive postures

Results:

Expansive postered sig increased likelihood of:

• a yes response from speed-dating partner

• Being selected on a dating app

Non-verbal affiliation → not a sig. predictor of speed-dating yes

Sig effects for both male and females → greater male benefit on app

The evidence for innate hypothesis of facial expressions

1. Cross-cultural studies

2. Studies of disability

3. Studies of facial Masculature

Cross-cultural evidence study

6 emotions labelled in the same way by members of both

• literate cultures

• Non-literate cultures

Contempt identified as 7th universal emotion

Study’s of disability evidence study

• observed children born deaf and blind

• Found facial expressions of emotion appropriate to situational context

Studies of facial musculature study

Facial action coding system

All but one of the muscle actions visible in the adult identified in newborn infants

• capacity for facial expressions inborn

• 
  

What is the Neo-cultural model (NCM)

6 fundamental emotions with innate expressions (7 incl contempt)

Display rules are according to culture:

• attenuation

• Amplification

• Concealment

• Substitution

Display rules may also vary according to gender, status, even individuals

What are the two types of facial expressions

1. Micro-expressions

• very brief, between 1/25th of a second

2. Subtle expressions

• fragments of an expression

E.g. nose wrinkle, brow raising

Deception section correlates with what?

Skill at perceiving :

1. Subtle expressions

2. Micro-expressions

Test of deception detection

Warren et al

• encoder describes interests and hobbies

• Lie or honestly describe both a pleasant and unpleasant film

• Video clips judged by decoders

• Objective criterion of accuracy

Test of detection deception results

Overall accuracy rate 50% → just chance

• emotional lie detection Sig. better than chance (60%)

• Non0emotion lie detection Sig. worse than chance (34%)

• Emotional lie detection Sig correlated with SETT