AP Chem unit 4

An Acid BLANKS hydrogen

donates

A base BLANKS hydrogen

accepts

To be a conjugate acid and base it would have to

be able to loose and accept a proton

If an ion loses an electron…

the electron appears on the product side (Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e-)

Signs a chemical reaction has taken place

production of light, change in odor, production of precipitate, change in color, prodiuction of a gas, production of heat, change in texture.

In a net ionic equation if somethig is aqueous u can

take it apart

What happens to the reactants as a chemical reaction proceeds

reactants decrease

Reactions MUST

obey the law of conservation of mass and be balanced

All nitrates

dissolve in water

All alkali metl ions and ammonium

are soluble

All acetates are

soluble

All chlorides, bromides, iodies are BLANK except

Soluble…ag+ pb+ and hg2+

All sulfates are BLANK except

soluble…ag, pb, hg, ca, sr, and ba

All chromates are BLANK except

insoluble… alkali metals and nh4

All phosphates are BLANK except

insoluble… alkali metals and nh4

All carbonates are BLANK except

insoluble…Alkali metals and nh4

All hydroxides are BLANK except

insoluble… alkali metals, ba, sr, and ca

Sulfied are BLANk except

soluble… Gr 1 and nh4

when drawing atoms of different element should follow

atomic trends for size

Solid salt is dissolved in water=

chemical change bc ionic bonds are being broken

Intermolecular forces

force that binds atoms ions or molecules togehter

Intramolecular forces

within a molecule (covalent, ionic, metallic)

If its breaks intramolecular forces it is a BLANK reaction

Chemical

% yield

Actual yield/ theoretical yield x 100

In a stoichemotery problem when it asks for excess or limiting reactant find

Moles

If you know mL and molarity and its a one to one ratio use the equation

M1V1=M2V2

If it is not a one to one ratio use

NaMaVa=NbMbVb

Conjugate acid

a base that has gained one proton

Conjugate base

an acid that has lost one proton

Element by themselves alwaus have an oxidation state of

0

For oxidation states ions…

take what charge they r labeled with

For oxidation states alkali metals are BLANK and alkaline earth metals are BLANK

1+, 2+

All compounds have a total oxidation state of

0

A polyatomic ion (a molecule written with an overall charge) has a total oxidation state

equal to its charge

For oxidation states oxygen in a compound is always BLANK except

-2, oxygen in a peroxide is -1

For oxidation states Hydrogen is

+1 when bonded to a nonmetal and -1 when bonded to a metal

The 6 strong acids are

HBr, HCl, HI, HNO3, HClO4, and H2SO4

The strong bases are

LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and Ba(OH)2

What are all the reaction types

Composition/synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion of hydrocarbon, combustion, precipitation, acid/base, and oxidation/reduction

Combustion of a hydrocarbon reaction

a chemical process where a hydrocarbon (a compound made of carbon and hydrogen) reacts with oxygen gas

Combustion reaction

X + O2 → CO2 + H2O

Precipitation reaction

when two aqueous solutions are mixed together and form a solid liquid or gas

Acid/Base reaction

acid gives away hydrogen

Oxidation/Reduction reaction

the ions charges different from reactants side to product side