Point and chromosomal mutations

Silent Mutation-Point

A change in the DNA sequence that does not affect the amino acid sequence of the protein.

Missense Mutation- Point

A change in the DNA sequence that results in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein.

Nonsense Mutation- Point

A mutation that replaces a codon coding for an amino acid with a stop codon, leading to premature termination of the protein.

Loss of Function Mutation -Point

A mutation that results in a protein that is nonfunctional.

Gain of Function Mutation- Point

A mutation that results in a protein with a new, often abnormal, function.

Frameshift Mutation- Point

A mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotides that shifts the 'reading frame' of codons, altering the entire amino acid sequence downstream.

Duplication Mutation- Chromosomal

A duplication mutation occurs when a segment of a chromosome is repeated. This results in extra copies of genes, which can lead to an imbalance in gene dosage and potentially affect the organism's development or function.

Deletion Mutation- Chromosomal

A deletion mutation involves the loss of a segment of a chromosome. This can result in the loss of essential genes, potentially leading to serious consequences for the organism.

Inversion Mutation- Chromosomal

occurs when a segment of a chromosome is reversed or flipped in orientation. This can disrupt the normal function of genes if they are rearranged or if regulatory regions are affected.

Translocation Mutation-Chromosomal

involves the movement of a chromosome segment to a different chromosome, either within the same chromosome or to a non-homologous chromosome. This can disrupt gene function, potentially causing diseases such as cancer.