Unit 1 Changing Population IB Geography

north/south divide

The economic division between the wealthy countries of Europe, North America, and Japan and the generally poorer countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

development gap

The difference in wealth between the developed world (North) and the developing world (South).

OPEC

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of oil and petroleum.

G7/G8

A group of the world's wealthiest and most powerful countries

G10

a group representing the wealthiest members of the International Monetary Fund.

internal migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

population distribution

how population is spread out in an area

population density

A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

apartheid

A social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites.

migrant labourers

Labourers who move to another location to take a job, often a low-paying, temporary one

circular migration

the temporary and usually repetitive movement of a migrant worker between home and host areas, typically for the purpose of employment

natural increase rate

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

population momentum

continued population growth that does not slow in response to growth reduction measures

demographic dividend

A rise in the rate of economic growth due to a rising share of working age people in a population.

population projections

predictions about future population based on trends in fertility, mortality and migration

total fertility rate

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Gender-Related Development Index

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the gender gap in the level of achievement in terms of income, education, and life expectancy.

life expectancy at birth

the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live

dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labour force

aging population

Life expectancy is long and lots of old people so may cause shortage of workers

forced migration

permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors although could also be natural factors such as drought.

Conflict-induced displacement

Forced migration due to armed conflict including civil war, generalized violence, and persecution on the grounds of nationality, race, religion, political opinion or social group when the government is unable or unwilling to protect the victims

development-induced displacement

forced migration due to development projects such as dam building

disaster-induced displacement

people are displaced as a result of natural disasters, environmental change (deforestation, desertification, land degradation, global warming) and human-made disasters (industrial accidents, radioactivity).

refugee

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

asylum seeker

a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another.

internally displaced person

someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders

Smuggled people

Smuggled migrants are moved illegally for profit. Smuggled migrants may include those who have been forcibly displaced as well as those who have left their homeland in search of better economic and social opportunities.

trafficked people

people who are moved by deception or coercion for the purposes of exploitation. the profit from these people comes from the sale of their sexual services or labor in the country of destination

pro-natalist

An attitude or policy that encourages childbearing

Anti-natalist

A government policy concerned with limiting population growth.

family planning

the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control

Malthusian Theory

focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder

birth rate

the number of births in a country in a year, per 1000 people

death rate

the number of deaths in a country in a year, per 1000 people

natural increase

the birth rate minus the death rate

exponential growth

very quick growth

infant mortality rate

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

child mortality rate

A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population.

life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live from birth

MEDC

More Economically Developed Country (richer country)

LEDC

Less Economically Developed Country (poorer country)

DTM

Demographic Transition Model

demography

scientific study of human populations

elderly dependents

The population aged over 65 who may be dependent on others

empowerment

giving a certain group rights they have been not allowed to have

Feminism

A political idea that fights for women's rights

population pyramid

A bar chart representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

census

A periodic and official count of a country's population.

welfare state

A government that takes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programmes in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

incentive

something that encourages a person to do something

sanction

a penalty to discourage certain behaviour

BRICS

five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa

NICs (Newly Industrialized Countries)

Countries that have recently industrialized and have seen improvements in living standards and income. Living standards, while improved, are still not at level of the economic core, or more developed countries. Includes BRICS and several other rapidly developing countries. Similar concept to semi periphery.

Asian Tigers

Group of new industrial countries comprising Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore.

high-income countries

nations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and personal income

low-income countries

primarily agrarian nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income

middle-income countries

nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income

N11

Next 11 countries (Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, The Philippines, Turkey, South Korea, Vietnam and have been consistently the fastest growing countries this century

MINT

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey

CIVETS

Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, South Africa