anatomy 2.4 - organic compounds - expected learning outcomes

what are the types of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides,

monosaccharides are

the simplest carbohydrates and consists of 1 single sugar molecule

what is the function of monosaccharides?

provide immediate energy and serve as the basic building blocks for more complex carbohydrates

disaccharides are

sugars made of 2 covalently bonded monosaccharides

3 important disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

what is the function of disaccharides?

an immediate source of energy for living organisms after enzymes break them down into simple single sugars

polysaccharides are

long chains of monosaccharides

3 important polysaccharides

glycogen, starch, cellulose

what is the function of polysaccharides?

energy storage and providing structural support in living organisms

lipids are

hydrophobic organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

types of lipids

fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids

fatty acids are

chains of 4–24 carbon atoms with carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other

what is the function of a fatty acid?

core energy sources, building blocks for cell membranes, and precursors for critical signaling molecules in the body

proteins have 3-4 levels of complexity:

primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure

primary structure is

a sequence of amino acids within a protein molecule and encoded by genes

secondary structure is

Coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds

tertiary structure is

complete, three-dimensional shape formed when a single polypeptide chain folds and packs secondary structures together

quaternary structure is

two or more individual folded protein chains, called subunits, into a single multi-subunit complex

what is the quaternary structure’s function?

to assemble two or more individual protein chains, increases stability, enables biological regulation

enzymes are

proteins that function as biological catalysts

what is the function of enzymes?

Speed up chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy—the energy needed to get a reaction started

ATP is short for

adenosine triphosphate

what is the structure of ATP?

has adenine nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate group

what is ATP production?

the metabolic process cells use to create adenosine triphosphate

what is the function of ATP?

stores energy gained from exergonic reactions, releases it within seconds for physiological work, holds energy in covalent bonds b/w phosphates

nucleotide

organic compounds with 3 components: nitrogenous base, sugar, one or more phosphate groups

types of nucleotide

GTP, cAMP, DNA, RNA

what is the function of guanosine triphosphate (GTP?

a source of power, a building block for RNA, molecular switch for cell signaling

what is the function of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)?

second messenger that relays signals from extracellular hormones and neurotransmitters into the cell to trigger specific physiological responses

what is the function of DNA?

to store, protect, and pass on the genetic instructions needed for living organisms to develop, survive, and reproduce.

what is the function of RNA?

to convert the genetic code stored in DNA into proteins that drive cellular life

function of secondary structure

provide stable structural framework, mechanical scaffold that determines the physical properties of protein

function of tertiary structure

dictates its specific biological activity and functional specificity