Unit 3 AP PYSCH- Developmental

Continuous Development

Suggests that growth happens gradually and steadily over time.

Discontinuous Development

Proposes that development occurs in distinct stages with sudden leaps forward.

Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

Birth to 2 years; infants learn through senses and motor actions, developing object permanence.

Object Permanence

Understanding that objects exist even when unseen.

Egocentrism

The inability to see things from another person's perspective, characteristic of the preoperational stage.

Conservation

Understanding that quantity remains constant despite changes in appearance, developed in the concrete operational stage.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The gap between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance.

Scaffolding

Support provided by a more knowledgeable person to help a child learn within their ZPD.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Traumatic events experienced during childhood that can have long-term negative impacts on health and behavior.

Authoritarian Parenting

High demands with low responsiveness; strict rules and harsh punishments.

Permissive Parenting

Low demands with high responsiveness; few rules and indulgent.

Authoritative Parenting

High demands with high responsiveness; clear expectations and supportive.

Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust

First stage, focused on developing a sense of trust in caregivers and the world during infancy.

Developmental Norms

General timelines for expected physical and mental growth.

Mentarche

A female's first menstrual period.

Crystallized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and experience, which increases with age.

Fluid Intelligence

Ability to reason abstractly and solve problems, which may decline with age.

Attachment

An emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver.

Temperament

An individual's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

Identity Crisis

The challenge of finding a personal identity during adolescence, defined by Erikson as Identity vs. Role Confusion.

Microsystem

Immediate environment including family, friends, and school according to the Ecological Systems Theory.