ethics exam 2

When did the social darwinism movement start?

late 19th century

What is the feminist bioethics critique of social darwinism?

People in positions of power have the motive and influence to spread this ideology.

What is the concept of racial hygine?

Race mixing leads to race deterioration

What are the two word meanings that make up eugenics?

“to produce” + “well born”

What were the policies for positive eugenics?

selective breeding and 4 child policy

What were the policies for negative eugenics?

sterilization, isolation, euthanasia

What is the biological metaphor used by the Nazi’s?

“eliminating/removal of disease”

When did WW1 end?

1918

What 4 policy areas lead to the Holocaust?

1) Sterilization (targeted disabled and mentally ill) 2) Euthanasia (“mercy death”) 3) Population Control (4 child policy, abortions for Jews) 4) Nuremberg Laws

When did WW2 end?

1945

What scientific advancement sparked the need for human experimentation?

Germ Theory

What did US/UK Drs. use to self-regulate?

Paternalism, virtue ethics (believed that they were morally upstanding and “not as bad as the Nazi’s”

How did the Nazi’s argue for their innocence?

They claimed they weren’t as bad at the US.

What happened in Omelas?

There was a perfect utopia built upon the suffering of a randomly selected child. Not just society.

Difference between Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helenski?

NC focused on the patient’s rights, autonomy, and informed consent. H focused on physicians/researchers and emphasized their duty to treat.

What question did the shifts from patient autonomy to the duty of physicians raise?

Whether or not the physician has your best interest in mind.

What two concepts did Beecher hope would help physicians/researchers maintain their duty to protect/treat?

Hippocratic oath (“due no harm”) and acknowledging that most studies were conducted unethically.

Who was Joseph Jernigan?

The “Visible Human Male”, an anatomical model

What made the use of Joseph Jernigan’s body unethical?

His consent was a result of coercion and an imbalance in power dynamics.

Why were Southern medical schools considered the best in the country?

Because they had enslaved bodies to practice on.

Who was the enslaved woman that J. Marion Sims experimented on 30 times without anesthesia?

Anarcha

When did the Civil War start?

1861

When did the Civil War end?

1865

When did the Civil Rights movement start?

1954

What was the goal of the Tuskegee experiment?

To follow the natural course of syphilis.

What does “following the natural course of a disease entail”

Observing the effects of the disease and not intervening to treat it.

What beliefs about the Black race pervaded the Tuskegee experiment?

low intelligence, hypersexual, “doomed from the start”, wouldn’t seek/benefit from treatment

What 3 types of deception were used during the Tuskegee Syphilis experiment?

1) Patient’s and Partner’s weren’t informed, spreading the virus 2) Treatment administered was inadequate and primitive (arsenic) 3) Actual treatment (penicillin) withheld

What makes cancer cells immortal?

They’re mutated; the genes for cell death are turned off, allowing them to continuously divide. They are also extremely aggressive and resistant to most treatments.

Where HeLa cells collected legally?

Yes, there were no laws in place preventing the collection of cells/tissues.

The development of which vaccines utilized HeLa cells?

covid and polio vaccines

What made the collection of HeLa cells unethical in terms of her living relatives?

It was a breach of anonymity because the genetic information from her cells can be used to identify her family members.

What was unethical about the synthesizing the Aboriginal hair DNA?

It contained DNA that can be used to identify living relatives.

Do current US laws allow people to profit from the collection of DNA samples?

No.

What were biosocial communities?

Online spaces where people disclosed medical information w/ other members anonymously. Created a space for people to talk about rare conditions.

What happened when pharmaceutical companies entered these spaces?

Monetization and product development.

What information did Deep Mind give to the NHS?

Patient health records and kidney data.

What are the 2 pitfalls of mass data mining?

1) contextual collapse (prioritizing product development) 2) if virtuous private company goes bankrupt, its info could be bought by another company with other intentions.

What does GINA stand for?

Genetic information non-discrimination act.

What 2 things does GINA protect from?

1) hiring discrimination 2) mandatory collection of genetic information by companies

What does GINA not protect?

the use of genetic information and patient anonymity once its collected.

What 2 Supreme Court decisions involved abortion?

1) Roe v. Wade: declared abortion a constitutional right 2) Dobbs v. Jackson: declared that abortion is NOT a constitutional right

What are pro-life sway tactics?

Using imagery to invoke emotional reactions and arguing for the personhood of the fetus. Heavily centered around the fetus.

What are pro-choice tactics?

Using science to debunk misinformation about fetal milestones and considering the mother.

When is the fetus viable outside the womb?

24 weeks

When do fetal nerves begin to form?

22-26 weeks

When does the fetal heart develop?

10 weeks

What issues come up when using personhood to debate abortion ethics?

Personhood is hard to define, so it could make criminalization more likely.

What’s the problem with abortion bans with exceptions?

These exceptions differ in each state, making treatment largely inaccessible and making it harder for physicians and patients to make treatment decisions.

What does the story about Amanda Zurawski not mention?

How circumstances differ for POC women or those w/ unwanted pregnancy of low SES that wouldn’t have as many options or medical access.