Voice and Swallowing Disorders: Definitions, Types, and Assessment Techniques (Asa Marie Quizlet)

What is the difference between aphonia and dysphonia?

Aphonia is the absence of phonation (no audible speech), while dysphonia is phonation characterized by abnormal voice quality, pitch, loudness, resonance, or duration.

When is a voice disorder functional?

When the vocal mechanism is normal and the causes are behavioral (e.g., vocal abuse).

When is a voice disorder organic?

When there are laryngeal structural changes or neurological problems that may impair voice production.

What are the different types of dysphonia?

Disorders of pitch, loudness, quality, and resonance.

What is vocal fundamental frequency?

The average frequency of vocal fold vibrations in an individual.

What is habitual pitch?

The average pitch heard in a sample of continuous speech.

What is pitch range?

The lowest possible pitch (basal) and highest possible pitch (ceiling) and the variations in between.

What are the disorders of pitch?

Inappropriate pitch, pitch breaks, monopitch, and diplophonia.

What is inappropriate pitch?

A disorder where the vocal pitch is inconsistent with the child's age, size, and gender.

What are pitch breaks?

When the vocal pitch breaks unexpectedly, deviating from the smooth rates of vocal fold vibrations.

What is monopitch?

The absence of normal pitch variations, which may be due to a neurological disorder.

What is diplophonia?

The simultaneous production of two distinct frequencies due to different rates of vocal fold vibrations.

What are the disorders of loudness?

Excessively loud voice and excessively soft voice.

What are the characteristics of an excessively loud voice disorder?

Voice that is too loud in most everyday speaking situations, socially inappropriate, and may lead to serious problems.

What are the characteristics of an excessively soft voice disorder?

Voice that interferes with communication and fails to meet social interaction demands.

What are the voice disorders of quality?

Breathiness, harshness, hoarseness, and tense voice.

What is breathiness?

Phonation with excessive and audible air leakage due to inadequate approximation of the vocal folds.

What is harshness?

Caused by aperiodicity of vocal fold vibrations, resulting in an unpleasant, strident, or rough voice.

What is hoarseness?

A combination of harshness and breathiness, characterized by phonation breaks and low pitch.

What is a tense voice?

Phonation produced with excessive adduction and medial compression of the folds, resulting in a tight and strained voice.

What are the disorders of resonance?

Hyper nasality, hyponasality, cul-de-sac resonance, and assimilation nasality.

What is hyponasality?

Inadequate nasal resonance due to too little nasal resonance, often making a child sound 'stuffed up'.

What is hyper nasality?

Excessive nasal resonance on non-nasal speech sounds, often due to craniofacial anomalies.

What is cul-de-sac resonance?

A resonance resulting from the tongue being retracted deep into the oral cavity, leading to muffled sound.

What is assimilation nasality?

When oral sounds surrounding nasal sounds become nasalized, often associated with VPI.

What are vocal abuse and phonotrauma?

Behaviors injurious to vocal fold tissue that often contribute to a voice disorder.

What are examples of vocal abuse?

Yelling, screaming, cheering, making noises while playing, grunting, excessive crying, and chronic throat clearing.

What is vocal misuse?

A set of unhealthy vocal behaviors including inappropriate pitch or loudness, poor respiration, and hard glottal attacks.

What is laryngoscopy?

The viewing of the larynx and surrounding structures using a laryngeal mirror or a rigid or flexible fiberoptic endoscope.

What is a small round mirror mounted at an angle on a long, thin handle?

Laryngeal mirror

What is a firm tube that is inserted into the oral cavity and oropharynx?

Rigid endoscope

What is a bendable tube that is inserted into the nasal passage to assess VP structure and function?

Flexible endoscope

What refers to the use of a strobe light in conjunction with a flexible or rigid scope?

Stroboscope

What are the 6 voice characteristics assessed during clinical tasks?

Voice production, pitch, loudness, vocal quality, laryngeal tension

What do you measure during a clinical assessment of pitch?

Habitual pitch and pitch range

What do you measure during a clinical assessment of loudness?

Loudness range and average loudness

What methods are used to assess vocal quality clinically?

CAPE-V, conversational voice assessment, s/z ratio, vocal endurance, coughing and throat clearing, hard glottal attacks

What methods are used to assess resonance clinically?

Resonance and Velopharyngeal Function Protocol

What are the characteristics of a voice disorder diagnosis?

Voice disorder of pitch, loudness, quality or resonance with evidence of vocal misuse or phonotraumatic behaviors

What are the characteristics of functional aphonia?

Complete loss of voice with no organic pathology, gain from the problem, and phonation on nonspeech acts

What are the characteristics of an organic or neurological voice disorder?

Voice disorder associated with a medically diagnosed organic or neurological condition

What are the characteristics of a hyper functional voice disorder?

Voice disorder with excessive effort and tension affecting laryngeal muscles, confirmed by an ENT examination

What are the characteristics of velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI)?

Hypernasality or assimilation nasality without unrepaired palatal cleft, confirmed by medical examination

What is the act of swallowing called?

Deglutition

What is the broad term for getting food/liquid into the mouth?

Feeding

What is a swallowing deficit called?

Dysphagia

What refers to all aspects of sensory and motor functions related to swallowing?

Oral sensorimotor function

What is the process by which organisms obtain food and nourishment?

Nutrition

What are the risk factors for feeding and swallowing disorders?

Birthweight, gestational age, neurodevelopmental factors, congenital heart disease, structural anomalies, tracheostomy, in utero constraint

What are the anatomical differences between infants and older children?

Smaller oral cavity, presence of teeth, fat pads in cheeks, changes in nasopharynx angle and pharynx elongation

What refers to the cognitive processes for analyzing information from evidence?

Critical thinking

What refers to the application of information to a clinical situation?

Clinical reasoning

What refers to decisions based on knowing the patient?

Clinical judgment

What are possible signs of swallowing deficits in the oral preparatory stage?

Food falls out of mouth, pooling in anterior sulci, lack of tongue action, lack of chewing

What are possible signs of swallowing deficits in the oral transit stage?

Pooling in lateral sulci, food pushed out of mouth, slow bolus formation, piecemeal deglutition, delayed swallow

What are possible signs of swallowing deficits in the pharyngeal stage?

Pooling in valleculae and pyriform sinuses, residue in pharyngeal recesses, gurgly voice quality, aspiration on liquids, choking on mixed textures, delayed swallow