Science Assessment Task 3

Chemistry, resources, electronic configuration, ionic and covalent bonding, chemical formulas, periodic table of elements, polymers and monomers, polymerisation

mineral

a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a fixed chemical composition

renewable resources

any natural resource that can replenish itself in a relatively short period of time usually no longer than a human life

non-renewable resources

a resource that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on an amount equal to its use

how was resin used by indigenous peoples?

indigenous people commonly used resin as a strong, moldable adhesive to attach stone tools to wooden handles

what applications was resin used for by indigenous peoples?

resin was used as a thermoplastic for applications such as tools, waterproofing, fuel and medicine

how was hematite used in ceremonial purposes for First Nations Peoples?

Crushed hematite into a powder and turned it into red ochre paint by mixing it with binders, which was used in ceremonial body painting and rock arta

describe the environmental impacts of lithium mining on australian flora and fauna

damage to land, water loss, pollution and toxic waste, carbon emissions and energy use, endangered wildlife

explain the importance of science in assessing consequences for lithium mining in australia

to measure the damage to ecosystems, manage toxic waste and minimise greenhouse emissions since australia is such a big supplier of lithium

valency

the number of electrons an atom must gain, lose, or share to achieve a stable electron configuration

noble gas configuration

an electron arrangement with a full outer shell

isotopes (idk if we are studying that)

atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

ionic bonds form between

metals and nonmetals

how are ionic bonds formed?

transfer of electrons

covalent bonds form between

nonmetals and nonmetals

how are covalent bonds formed?

sharing of electrons

metallic bonds form through

attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them

the electrons in metallic bonds are

delocalised, like a 'sea' of electrons

cation

positively charged ion

anion

negatively charged ion

diatomic molecule

a molecule that consists of two atoms of the same element

examples of diatomic molecules

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

how do you compare malleability?

hit the object to see if it will bend to shape (malleable) or crack under pressure (brittle)

how do you compare ductility?

stretch the material to see how long you can make a wire before it snaps

how do you compare conductivity?

start an electric current using the object and see whether the object lets the electricity flow through or not

how to measure reactivity?

use acids on the object and test the reaction

are ionic substances conductive as a solid? (yes or no)

no

are ionic substances conductive as a liquid? (yes or no)

yes

are ionic substances soluble? (yes or no)

yes

are ionic substances reactive as a solid? (yes or no)

no

do ionic substances have high or low melting/boiling points?

high

are ionic substances malleable? (yes or no)

no

are ionic substances ductile? (yes or no)

no

are covalent substances conductive in general? (yes or no)

no

solubility of covalent substances

depends, covalent substances can disappear in water but those that aren't dissolvable in water can dissolve in other substances

are covalent substances malleable? (yes or no)

no

are covalent substances reactive in general? (yes or no)

no

are covalent substances ductile? (yes or no)

no

do covalent substances have high or low melting/boiling points?

low

are metallic substances conductive in general? (yes or no)

yes

are metallic substances soluble? (yes or no)

no

are metallic substances malleable? (yes or no)

yes

are metallic substances ductile? (yes or no)

yes

are metallic substances reactive? (yes or no)

yes

do metallic substances have high or low melting/boiling points?

high

practical uses for ionic substances

preservation from moisture, construction for withstanding heat without melting

practical uses for covalent substances

cleaning, energy (hydrocarbons), tools

practical uses for metallic substances

wires, electricity, construction

what is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

organic compounds have hydrogen and carbon covalent bonds, inorganic compounds usually don't contain carbon and use ionic bonds

fractional distillation

method used to separate liquid (crude oil) into other substances based on their boiling points

use of refinery gases/LPG (liquid petroleum gas)

cooking, energy, heating

use of petrol/gasoline

fuel for cars

use of naptha

making plastics, solvents and synthetic fabrics

use of kerosene/paraffin

fuel for aircraft

use of diesel/gas oil

fuel for trucks, buses, trains and heavy machinery

use of fuel oil

fuel for ships and power stations

use of lubricating oil

lubricants, waxes and polishes

use of bitumen

construction of roads and roofs

halogen

any element from group 17

halogenated compounds

carbon chain bonded to a halogen instead of hydrogen

carbonyl

Carbon double bonded to an oxygen (C=O)

amine

nitrogen bonded to carbon with 2 hydrogen bonds

amide

amine and carbonyl

combustion

an exothermic process where fuel (usually a hydrocarbon) reacts with oxygen to release heat and light

monomer

a small unit which can chemically bond with other similar molecules to form a polymer

polymer

long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together

polymerisation

a chemical reaction joining monomers in long chains to form a polymer

addition polymerisation

the breaking and opening of double bonds of monomers to form polymers

condensation polymerisation

losening of bonds to form polymers with a small byproduct of usually water

use of polyethylene (low and high density)

HDPE: hard plastic bottles

LDPE: cling wrap, plastic bags, squeeze bottles

use of polystyrene (expanded and general)

expanded: insulation, protective packaging

general: food packaging, disposable cutlery