Vet tech prep

Which cells should not be found in normal joint fluid?

erythrocytes

Chemical components of struvite crystals found in urine?

magnesium, ammonium, phosphate

Which chemotherapy drug is contraindicated in cats?

Cisplatin

Which anatomical structure in birds responsible for producing sound?

syrinx

Phenylpropanolamine

Alpha-adrenergic antagonist (sympatholytic) that increases urethral tone in older female dogs with hormone responsive incontinence. It was also used as a decongestant and appetite suppressant in humans, but has been removed from the market due to risk of hemorrhagic stroke.

Lesions of which bacteria have characteristic sweet smell?

pseudomonas

Which cells release histamine?

mast cells

Common post-op medications for horse?

Banamine - NSAID
Penecillin G - antibiotic
Omeprazole - proton pump inhibitor to reduce stomach acid production

Blood levels of which drug should be monitored closely for it's toxic serum levels?

Digoxin
cardiac glycoside; narrow TI

What do spherocytes look like under the microscope?

RBC's that are small, very dark, perfectly round
- loss of membrane
- IMHA

Safe amount of blood to collect from donor horse (500kg)?

15-16mL/kg so 7.5-8L
every 30d or longer

Actinomyces bovis

lumpy jaw in cattle
- firm mass, immovable, over mandible

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

caseous lymphadenitis
- onion appearance of abscesses on neck or abdomen of cattle

Mycobacterium bovis

Bovine tuberculosis - zoonotic

Moraxella bovis

pinkeye in cattle

Normal CVP reading?

0-10cmH2O

What volume can stomach of puppy/kitten hold?

9mL/kg

Coffin bone

third (distal) phalanx in horses
aka. toe bone

A condition that results in rats living in an area with the humidity too low?

ringtail

Red tears or chromodacryorrhea in rats

thought to be caused by stress.

Mycology is the study of

fungi

How tall of a fence (minimum) would likely be required to keep the goats confined?

6ft

Which test can be used to evaluate IMHA?

Coomb's Test
presence of immunoglobulins for patient's RBC's

Coggin's test

Blood test for equine infectious anemia

Which antibiotic is bacteriostatic not bacteriocidal?

Tetracyclines

What is the usual vector of Western Equine Encephalitis?

Mosquito

The menace test will elicit which response? Which two nerves is this testing?

Blink
Cranial nerves II & VII

Strangles

Streptococcus equi; bacterium that causes swollen glands in horses

Which anesthetic contraindicated for 10y/o with 1st degree AV block?

Dexmedetomidine
alpha-2-agonist, side effect bradycardia

agalactia

failure or inability to produce milk

What percent of mammary gland tumors in cats are malignant?

90%

What percent of mammary gland tumors in dogs are malignant?

45-50%

Which blood chemistry value may be artificially lowered if analysis of a blood sample is delayed?

Glucose

Many x-ray machines used in veterinary medicine have a 2-part exposure process. The first step involves depressing a button or pushing a pedal half-way to prepare the machine for the exposure and then a second button or fully depressing the pedal to take the exposure. What happens in the x-ray machine when the first step is started?

The anode rotates and the filament is heated

Johne's disease is an intestinal infection that can lead to clinical signs of diarrhea and weight loss. It affects cattle, sheep, goats, and other species. What is the Genus of the causative agent of Johne's disease?

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

A dog presents with Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus (GDV), and you have tried multiple times to pass an orogastric tube to no avail. If this is not working what else can be done?

Trocharize the stomach on the right side

A dog presents dragging the hindlimbs. While the doctor is pinching along the dogs back on either side of the spine, the skin twitches, causing contraction of the cutaneous trunci muscle. Which reflex specifically is being tested?

Panniculus reflex - tests for superficial pain

When viewing a slide on a microscope, the objects themselves are in focus but there appear to be haloes or fuzzy rings around the objects you are viewing that you cannot eliminate using the focus knobs. Which of the following is probably not adjusted correctly?
rheostat?
iris diaphragm?

Condensor - focuses light on the object
rheostat - light intensity
iris diaphragm - amount of light reaching object

Which disease does an intradermal caudal skin fold test check for in cattle?

Tuberculosis

Which of following typically appear hyperechoic (bright white) on ultrasound imaging?

Bone & gas

Which bone is between the scapula and radius?

Humerus

What is true about sterilization in reptiles?

ovaries should always be removed
only removing oviducts leaves ovaries still active

What is true about sterilization in ferrets?

spaying is recommended due to the risk of bone marrow toxicity from the high levels of circulating estrogen during prolonged heat cycles

Toxocara canis

Canine (intestinal) roundworm
can cause ocular larval migrans in humans

A 4-month-old Angus calf in a beef herd in Northern California has died. Symptoms before death included lethargy and coughing. You assist with a necropsy and find pale areas in the cardiac muscles (see image). The veterinarian diagnoses white muscle disease. He asks you to assist with collecting blood samples from the herd to test for what deficiency?

Selenium

What is the best way to restrain a unwilling rat for an exam?

Thumb and forefinger under front legs, other hand at base of tail

What immunoglobulin is the only one to pass through the human placenta, thereby providing protection to the fetus in utero?

IgG

The main stimulus for ventilation is the partial pressure of which of the following gases?

CO2

Which organization establishes standards for label information and the description of ingredients on pet food sold in the United States?

AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials)

What is the main effect of Dopram (doxopram hydrochloride)?

stimulates respiration

Fermentation is a microbial process that uses enzymes to decompose food so that it may be utilized by the animal. In which species is this process most utilized in the hindgut during digestion?

Horses
(large intestine / hindgut fermentators

Ruminants are hindgut or foregut ferementators?

foregut fermentators (starts in rumen)

How to increase exposure on rads without changing contrast?

increase mAs or exposure time

How to change contrast of rads?

increase kVp - less contrast, more latitude
decrease kVp - more contrast, less latitude

The fetus does most of its growing during which time period?

Third trimester

The fetus does the most developing during which time period?

First trimester

An 11-year old female spayed dog is diagnosed with a bladder tumor. She is still able to pass urine, but she strains towards the end of her urination and needs to go out frequently. Her bloodwork is unremarkable. What medication is sometimes prescriped specifically to alleviate symptoms from bladder tumors in dogs?

Piroxicam
NSAID, some anti-cancer properties against transitional cell tumors and nasal adenocarcinomas

What is a shock organ?

organ or tissue that exhibits the most marked response to an allergic reaction

What is the shock organ in a cat?

lungs

What is the shock organ in a dog?

liver, usually gi

Phenothiazine tranquilizers

Acepromazine
Chlorpromazine
(used to be contraindicated in seizure patients)

For which species is it most common to clip and clean the surgical site prior to anesthetic induction?
Ferret, cat, horse, or dog?

Horse
shorten total anesthesia time

What is the normal sulcus depth of the teeth in dogs when examining with a periodontal probe?
in cats?

dogs: 0-3mm
cats: 0-1mm

How many chromosomes do humans have?
dogs?
cats?

human - 46
dogs - 78
cats - 38

What three parts make up the uveal tract in the eye?

iris, choroid, ciliary body

Which cell is rich in histamine & heparin?

Mast Cells
(inflammation, allergic reactions)

Vaginal cytology of dog in heat?

90-100% cornified epithelial cells

Parotid gland secretes:

saliva

sebaceous glands

sebum

Epinephrine is secreted by

adrenal gland

oxytocin is produced by \____ and released by \____

hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

lacrimal gland

tears

Ketoprofen

NSAID
tolerated by cats, horses
DON'T use with renal dysfunction

Where do you administer FVRCP vaccine on a cat?

Subcutaneous on the lateral aspect of a forelimb as distal as possible
- associated sarcoma

Hemocytometer

manual blood cell count
a counting chamber that is used to determine the number of cells in a blood sample

Colloid

large molecules allow fluid to stay in intravascular space longer, increase oncotic pressure
Vetstarch, blood products

Standard temperature and duration for autoclaving

250F or 121C for 13min

Factors contributing to ringtail include

increased environmental temperatures, low humidity, impaired blood supply to the tail, and possibly drafts.

Why is nitrous oxide contraindicated in gastrointestinal surgeries?

Nitrous oxide moves into closed gas spaces such as the intestines, build up in GI

Where are electrons generated in an x-rays?

filament of cathode
kVp directs e- to anode where they hit tungsten target and create x-ray

Which species is at greatest risk for malignant hyperthermia?

porcine
hereditary

1 teaspon \=

5mL

What is the metallic element present on radiograph film that turns black when exposed and run through the radiograph development process?

silver

What is a potential cause of ketonuria?

Diabetes mellitus
Starvation

Nervous tissue without myelin is known as which of the following?

Grey matter

On average, cows have their estrous cycle how often?

21d

Contagious ecthyma is a disease that causes painful oral ulcerations, pustules, and scabs. It is most often seen in sheep and goats, and is more commonly known as

Orf

stomach volume of a kitten

9mL/kg

Which drug is used to kill adult heartworms?

Melarsomine (aka Immiticide)

abomasum

true glandular stomach and is responsible for mixing food with digestive enzymes.

omasum

grinds up the food material and absorbs water and bicarbonate.

rumen

where all the fermentation is occurring thanks to the help of symbiotic organisms that help break down the food. The rumen occupies the majority of the LEFT side of the abdominal cavity.

reticulum

acts as a conduit for food and helps pace the contractions of the rumen.

What does bog spavin describe?

Tarsocrural effusion

What species offspring is labeled "precocious"?

guinea pig

bone scan

nuclear medicine test that involves administration of a bone-seeking radioisotope (Technetium phosphate) that is taken up in areas of bone turnover

Coccidioides immitis

aka. valley fever
fungus

Vitamin A deficiency causes

a rough dry haircoat, thick nasal discharge, diarrhea, and can also lead to night blindness.

Vit E/Selenium deficiency

can cause white muscle disease

Zinc deficiency

hypersalivation, chronic skin problems, testicular hypoplasia, and deformed hooves.