Lab 6: Brain and Cranial Nerves

Central nervous system

Integrates, processes, and coordinates sensory data and motor commands.

Peripheral nervous system

All neural tissue outside of the CNS; relays messages into the CNS and back out to the rest of the body for a response.

Cerebrum

large part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres)

Cerebral hemispheres

Right and left hemispheres

Corpus callosum

Connects the hemispheres

Cerebral cortex

layer surrounding the entire cerebrum (can't see it)

Gyri (singular; gyrus)

Prominent fold/ridge on surface of cerebrum (FLESH)

Sulci (singular; sulcus)

Shallow groove

Fissures

deeper than sulci; elongated

Longitudinal fissure

separates the two hemispheres

Lateral sulcus

on the side; separates temporal lobe & parietal

Parieto-occipital sulcus

On back; separates occipital and parietal lobe

Central sulcus

On top; separates the frontal and parietal lobe

Precentral gyrus

Before central sulcus (reddish w/ stripes); closer to frontal lobe

Postcentral gyrus

After central sulcus (purple); closer to occipital lobe

Frontal lobe

Forehead

Parietal lobes (2)

.Middle (left and right)

Temporal lobes (2)

By the ears

Occipital lobe

Back of the head

Insula

underneath the lobes; (see on small model right on top)4

Cerebellum

Dark brown portion under the cerebrum.

Cerebellar hemispheres

Right and left

Cerebellar cortex

layer surrounding the cerebellum; cannot be seen

Folia

all of the ridges and lines on the cerebellum

Vermis

where the two hemispheres come together in the cerebellum

Arbor vitae

all of the white nerves in the cerebellum; split in two

Diencephalon

"head of sea horse"

Thalamus

contains the yellow dot; whole region; "brain"

Hypothalamus

right before the optic nerve (outside of it); "mouth"

Pineal gland

Part above the thalamus; pink on model; "ponytail"

Anterior commissure

"eye of seahorse"

Interthalamic adhesion

yellow dot in the thalamus

Optic chiasm

where the two optic nerves come together

Optic nerve, II

also known as cranial nerve II, is a paired nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

Optic tract

the track leading back to the brain; a continuation of the optic nerve that relays information

Pituitary gland

A pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain; pink blob on model

Infundibulum

the hollow stalk that connects the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland; "straw"

Brainstem

Connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord

Tegmentum

a small central part of the brain-stem

Tectum

in the dorsal part of the midbrain; "backpack"

Corpora quadrigemina

is the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the tectum of the dorsal aspect of the midbrain

Superior colliculi

the tops ones (2); a structure in the midbrain that is part of the brain circuit for the transformation of sensory input into movement output

Inferior colliculi

the bottom ones (2); an important auditory center and may participate in the integration of hearing reflexes

Aqueduct of midbrain

canal separating the tectum and tegmentum

Midbrain

a general area within the brainstem; "internal neck"

Cerebral peduncles

outside portion of the "neck"; structures at the front of the midbrain which arise from the front of the pons

Pons

if the seahorse was "pregnant"; the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.

Transverse fibers

lines on pons; Nerve fibers crossing the midline and connecting two corresponding parts or regions of the nervous system

Medulla oblongata

"tail region"; the continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, forming the lowest part of the brainstem

Olive

exterior; "pink blob" right next to the hypoglossal nerve

Central canal

next to the medulla oblongata; aqueduct leads to it.

Lateral ventricle

"wings"; large top portion; the two largest cavities of the ventricular system of the human brain and contain cerebrospinal fluid

Septum pellucidum

just below the corpus callosum; a thin, triangular, vertical double membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain.

Interventricular foramina

"arms"; small portion leading up to the lateral ventricle

Third ventricle

"dragons face"; It is in the midline, between the left and right lateral ventricles.

Choroid plexus

all of the pink on the black model; veins and arteries. Also purple on the other model.

Aqueduct of midbrain

"spine"; connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle

Fourth ventricle

"tail"; tent-shaped, with the peak of the tent protruding into the cerebellum and the floor of the tent being formed by the pons and medulla

Dural folds

falx cerebri

tentorium cerebelli

falx cerebelli

Falx cerebri

whole top portion; separates two cerebral hemispheres

Tentorium cerebelli

"tent"; wings; separates cerebrum from cerebellum

Falx cerebelli

small projection; separates two hemispheres of cerebellum; a small sickle shaped fold of dura mater, projecting forwards into the posterior cerebellar notch

Dural sinuses

are venous channels found between the endosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater in the brain.

Superior sagittal sinus

Top blue line; on top of falx cerebri

inferior sagittal sinus

across the bottom; below falx cerebri

Transverse sinus

along the edges of the tentorium cerebelli

Amygdala

round end points (large and white on model)

Cingulate gyrus

region surrounding the limbic system; orange on model

Fornix

most medial tubes; below septum pellucidum

Hippocampus

large portion leading away from amygdala; the elongated ridges on the floor of each lateral ventricle of the brain

Mammillary bodies

most medial circular folds; right in the middle

"horse's adam's apple"

Olfactory nerve , I

white line underneath cranium

Olfactory tracts

Olfactory bulbs

Optic nerve, II

"tip of the nose"

Oculomotor nerve, III

third of the cranial nerves and arises from the midbrain.

Trochlear nerve, IV

lateral to the oculomotor nerve; fourth cranial nerve and is the motor nerve of the superior oblique muscle of the eye

Trigeminal nerve, V

side of pons; the fifth paired cranial nerve & also the largest cranial nerve.

Abducens nerve, VI

where the "abs" would be

Facial nerve, VII

lateral; emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla

Vestibulocochlear nerve, VIII

lateral to the facial nerves (VII); Arising from the brainstem between the pons and medulla

Glossopharyngeal nerve, IX

just below the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII); exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla, just above the vagus nerve

Vagus nerve, X

below the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX); the longest cranial nerve

Accessory nerve, XI

skinny line below vagus nerve

Hypoglossal nerve, XII

medial to IX & X; controls all tongue movements