Biology 162 Practical 2 Flashcards

skeletal muscle:

makes movement, breathing, speech, and facial expression possible. Almost compleetlu under voluntary control.

Excitability:

Muscle cells produce action potentials

Contractility

Muscle cells can shorten

Extensibility

muscle cells can be stretched or lengthened

muscle fibers

another name for muscle cells

fascicles

bundles of muscle fibers

fascia

an outer membrane that many fascicles wrap around; also holds the fascicles as well as blood and nerves together in one large unit

tendons

anchor muscle tissue to the bones they work to move during contraction

sarcolemma

type of cell membrane that a muscle fiber is surrounded by

sarcoplasm

what the sarcolemma is filled with; type of cytoplasm

myofibrils

are within the sarcoplasm and are bundles of protein

sarcoplasmic reticulum

within the sarcoplasm; a complex network of membrane sacs and tubes

terminal cisternae

the ends of the sarcoplasmic reticulum form flat sacs called:

Cervical Curvature (curve)

curve formed by the C1 through C7 vertebrae

Lumbar Curvature (curve)

curve formed by the T1 through T12 vertebrae

Thoracic Curvature (curve)

curve made by the L1 through the L5 vertebrae

Pelvic Curvature (curve)

curve made up of the sacrum and the coccyx

Atlas

The first of the cervical vertebrae. It articulates the skull superiorly and the axis inferiorly. It also supports your skull.

Axis

The second cervical vertebra. The axis allows you to shake your head back and forth (allows head to move on its axis)

Body

Found on all vertebra except the atlas. The body transits weight down the bodies of the vertebrae.

Superior articular process:

These are the bony projections that point superiorly to articulate with the vertebra above.

Facets

the surfaces where the two bones physically articulate

Inferior Articular Process

These are the bony projections that point inferiorly to articulate with the vertebra below.

Transverse Process

This is the bony region that extends laterally from the body.

Spinous Process

The somewhat sharp projection that extends posteriorly, opposite from the body of the vertebra.

vertebral arch

the transverse and spinous process arise from this bony arch.

Vertebral Foramen

The opening formed by the vertebral body and arch

Vertebral Canal (spinal canal)

All of the vertebral foramina will line up together and form this long tube. The nerves of the spinal cord will run through here.

Sacrum

Articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebra and wings of the hip bones, or the right and left ilium. The sacrum is actually formed by five vertebrae that have become fused together.

Body (sacrum)

The body of the sacrum is the main thick medial region of the sacrum.

Median Sacral Crest

The median sacral crest is formed from the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae

Sacral Canal

The passageway which corresponds with the vertebral canal

Auricular Surface

On the lateral faces of the sacrum, this forms the joint between the sacrum and ilium.

Coccyx

the small, triangular bone at the very bottom of the vertebral column

True Ribs

Ribs 1 through 7; articulate directly with the sternum

False Ribs

Ribs 8-12; they either articulate with the sternum indirectly (8-10) or not at all (11-12)

Floating Ribs

another name for ribs 11 and 12 because they do not articulate with the sternum at all.

Head (ribs)

The articualr facet on the headof each ribs

Transverse tubules (T-Tubules)

invaginations of the cell membrane and act to connect the terminal cisternae to the cell surface.

Actin

thin filament, is a long strand of globular proteins and looks like a strand of beads.

Myosin

the proteins that make up thick filaments

tropomyosin

a long chain of regulatory proteins that cover the active sites on actin

troponin

a smaller regulator protein that is attached along the lengths of the tropomyosin chains

motor unit

consists of one motor neuron and all of the individual muscle cells it controls

Recruitment

is the activation of additonal motor motor units to increase muscle strength and force of conctraction

Central Fatigue

is cause dby the central nervous system and physiological mechanisms. Manifests as feeling “tired”

Peripheral Fatigue

as problems with the neuromuscular junction between the motor nerve and muscle or problems within the muscle cell at the level of the sarcomere

Isometric contraction

when a muscle may contract but not change length

Concentric Contraction

a muscle will shorten in length when contracting

Eccentric Contraction

a muscle may contract and actually become longer

Agonist muscle

aka the prime mover, and can be thought of as the muscle that is performing the desired action

Antagonist muscle

the musce that is capable of opposing the action

Flexion

describes a decrease in the angle between the body parts

Extension

increases the angle between adjacent body parts

Abduction

describes the movement of a body part away from the midline

Adduction

the movement of of a body part away from the midline of the body

Tubercle (ribs)

this small bumpy ridge is found just distal to the head. Notice: there is a smooth portion, another articular facet, which articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae

Body (ribs)

this is the main part of the rib distal to the neck

Angle (ribs)

just distal to the tubercle, the rib makes a sharp bend. This bend is called the angle

Sternum

is sometimes called the “breast bone”. It articulates with the true ribs, and together, they protect the heart and lungs

Body (sternum)

the large middle portion of the sternum

Facets (sternum)

this is where the costal cartilage associated with the ribs articulate

Manubrim

this is the upper part of the sternum

Xiphoid Process

this projection can be found inferior to the body of the sternum

Rectus Abdominis

External Olblique

Internal Oblique

Transverse Abdominis

Linea Alba

connects the xiphoid process to the pubic bone

External Intercostal Muscles

run on either side of your chest form superior-lateral to inferior-medial. This forms a V shape, mirroring the striations of the external oblique muscles in the abdomen. They may assist with inhalation by pulling the ribs upward.

Internal Intercostal Muscles

whose fibers run on either side of your chest like an A shape, from superior-medial to inferior lateral. They may assist with exhalation by pulling ribs downward

Innermost Intercostals Muscles

whose fibers line the inside of your chest and run superior-inferior. This muscle also may assist with exhalation by pulling the ribs downward.

Diaphram

the dome shaped muscle responsible for increasing the volume of your thoracic cavity to help you inhale. It forms the division between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity below.

Sternocleidomastoid

This muscles fibers extend from the mastoid process (the bony lump behind your ears) to the medial clavicle (your collar bone) and manubrium of the sternum

Scapula

is sometimes called the shoulder blade

Glenoid Cavity (fossa)

This shallow fossa is where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula

Coracoid Proces

the projection from the same region of bine supporting the glenoid cavity. This projection looks like a “crow’s beak”, and juts out anteriorly

Acronium Process

A projection of bone that juts anteriorly from the spine of the scapula

Spine of Scapula

The posterior surface of the scapula is divided by a thin “wall” of bone

Subscapular Fossa

The anterior surface of the scapula is a large smooth depression and is not interrupted by any process.

Supraspinous Fossa

Your index finger will fit nicely into the depression fromed by the superior surface of the spinous process and the posterior face of the scapula.

Infrasinous Fossa

The depression formed by the inferior surface of the spinous process and the posterior face of the scapula is the infra-spinous-fossa

Clavicle

aka collar bone

Humerus

bone found in the upper arm

Head (proximal humerus)

This is the smooth round “cap” that articulates with the scapula

Nutrient Foramen

These small holes/tiny openings on the shaft that provide a passageway for blood vessels and small nerves

Greater Tubercle

The lateral and larger bump on the proximal head of the humerus

Lesser Tubercle

The smaller of the bumps mentioned above

Intertubercular Sulcus (bicipital groove)

The small groove between the tubercles allows for the passage of a tendon (from the biceps brachii muscle) and an artery

Deltoid Tuberosity

This is a rough region on the lateral part of the shaft that provides an attachment point for a muscle (the deltoid muscle)

Capitulum

This is the round smooth structure that is part of the distal head of the humerus. The capitulum articulates with the radius bone of the foramen. Some people remember its name because it looks like a little head that you could a '“cap” on.

Trochlea

This is the smooth, spool-shaped structure right next to the capitulum on the distal head of the humerus. The trochlea articulates with the ulna of the lower arm.

Coronoid fossa

The depression on the anterior humerus, just superior to the trochlea, that provides an empty area to accommodate the olecranon process of the ulna when the elbow is extended.

Olecranon Fossa

The depression on the posterior humerus, just superior to the trochlea, that provides an empty area to accommodate the olecranon process of the ulna when the elbow is extended

Medial Epicondyle

This smallish bump can be seen just medially to the trochlea. It provides an attachment point for muscles.

Lateral Epicondyle

This smallish bump can be seen just laterally to the capitulum. It also provides an attachment point for muscles.

Elevation (of the scapula)

when the scapula is raised, or moves vertically.

Depression (of the scapula)

when the scapula is lowered, or moves inferiorly.

Retraction

when the scapula is pulled toward the spine

Protraction

when the scapula is pulled away from the spine