COMMRC 0320 Midterm

ABC

• RCA sold NBC-Blue, evolved into this company

• FCC challenges chain broadcasting

• 1943

Agenda Setting

• Has some minimal effects ideas

• Bernard Cohen "The press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling people what to think about"

  • Media tells us what to think about, not what to think

• The more media covers something, the more people tend to rate that/think it is important

Adolph Ochs

• owner of NYT

• bought NYT in 1896

• All the News That’s Fit to Print

Amateur Radio

a regulated, global network of technical hobbyists and emergency communicators throughout the 20th century

American Journalistic Professionalism

• “Objectivity”

• inverted pyramid

• Limits of the model

  • Reliance on official sources

    • Need to find official sources to form the story

• “Balanced” points of view

• “A figleaf for covert prejudice”

  • Omitting certain details

American Marconi

• 1899: wireless telegraph across English Channel

• 1901: send “s” across Atlantic

• 1902: send sentence across the Atlantic

• Distance vs. control

• eventually formed RCA

Amos n’ Andy

• Freeman Fisher Gosden (Amos)

• Charles J. Correll (Andy)

• Minstrelsy → black face performances (black voice)

  • Talked in a specific way that was supposed to sound like a stereotypical black person

• WMAQ

• 1928

• a  “chainless chain” → recorded broadcasts so they could play it whenever they wanted

Amplitude Modulation

• Vary based on amplitude of the wave

Analog

• cassette tape, record

• Analogous recording

• Actual groves on a record

• Continuous wave

Analytic Survey

• Examine relationships between variables (correlations)

  • Ex. Is there a relationship between time spent on phones and intelligence test scores?

Anti-metanarrative

• against overarching narrative (generalization)

• Jean-François Lyotard

• rejects universal stories that claim to explain all of history/truth

Antonio Gramsci

• Italian Marxist

• Hegemony

  • A process of winning consent: cannot just dominate, actually need to consent of the people to dominate them

  • Equilibrium: give the people enough only to feel content, in order to maintain power and dominance

Arthur Judson

• Artist management

• Judson Radio Program Corporation (1926)

• Rejected by Sarnoff & NBC

• United Independent Broadcasting

• partnered with Columbia until they pulled out, became CBS

Artist & Repertoire Agents

professionals inside record labels, publishing houses, or management teams who find, sign, and develop musical talent

Association Principle

a foundational psychological and philosophical concept stating that mental processes, memories, and ideas link together through specific experiential connections rather than existing in isolation

Audience Studies

involves identifying the audience and adapting a speech to their interests, level of understanding, attitudes, and beliefs

Audion

• (1906)

• vacuum tube that amplifies a signal

Bad Subjects

• Individuals who do not conform to typical standards set

Band Wagon Effect

• Everyone has this product

• Creates sense of fomo

Base

• determines the superstructure

• Mode of production

  • The way that a society maintains itself

  • Hunter gatherer societies

  • Agricultural societies

  • Industrial capitalism societiex

Benjamin Day

fundamentally revolutionized mass communication by creating the "Penny Press" era (one cent newspapers), founded NY Sun

Bessie Smith

• race records

• songs addressed controversial topics

Big Five

tv, film, radio, newspapers, magazines

Boutique Agencies

a small, specialized firm that offers tailored creative, marketing, public relations, or digital communication services to a selective list of clients

Brand Identity

• Brands want consumers to see themselves in the brand identity

• Selling and promoting ideologies (hegemony and zeitgeist)

  • A reflection of the time

British Marconi

• funded by Anne Jameson

• 1897

  • wireless telegraphy

Canting

• To cant is to bend

• Women are often in unusual or impossible positions

• Makes women appear as poseable figures, not actual real people

Carter Family

hillbilly music

CBS

• option time

• hourly fee to affiliates

• formed after Columbia pulled out of United Independent Broadcasters

Charlie Christian

• popularized the Gibson ES 150

Clear Channels

• broadcasts with only one station on a channel

Clowning

Men often look serious in ads, women meant to look silly or not to be taken seriously

Communications Act of 1934

• Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

  • Includes radio and telephone

• Commercialism Triumphs

  • Advertising becomes the norm

  • Corporate lobbying

  • National Association of Broadcasters

  • Commercial stations will provide public service

• Wagner-Hatfield Amendment

  • Robert Wagner, Senator-NY

  • Henry Hatfield, Senator-WV

  • Sets aside 25% of stations for non-profit

  • Defeated in 1935

Complementary Copy

• stories/articles are written to complement the advertisements

• Therapeutic ethos

  • Articles create a problem that the advertisements solve

Compulsory License

allowed anyone to make and distribute a mechanical reproduction (such as a piano roll or phonograph record) of a copyrighted musical composition without the owner's direct permission

Content Analysis

• Quantifying content

• Ex. Looking at magazines and counting how many advertisements were in each

Control Group

placebo, no treatment

Copyright Act of 1909

creation of the compulsory license

Corporation for Public Broadcasting

• Created: Established in 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson under the Public Broadcasting Act to support U.S. public radio and television.

• Role: Acted as a private, non-profit steward of federal funds, distributing money to over 1,500 local public radio and television stations, as well as helping create PBS in 1969 and NPR in 1970

Correlations

Examine relationships between variables

Cover Music

leveraging pre-existing cultural familiarity to drive audience engagement, shape emotions, and build artist or brand equity

Cultivation Effect

the long-term process by which heavy exposure to media (originally television) gradually shapes a viewer's perception of social reality, making it mirror the skewed, homogeneous world depicted on screen rather than actual life

Cultivation Theory

• What kinds of attitudes do the media cultivate over time?

• George Gerbner

• "Mean World Syndrome"

  • More violent media consumed, the more violent they perceive the world to be

Cultural Studies

Culture as a Prison House of Language

beauty products, ads, bodybuilding

Culture as a Site of Struggle

culture as an active battlefield where different social groups fight for power, meaning, and legitimacy

Culture as a Whole Way of LIfe

kfc, phones, tv shows

Culture as Community

olympics, disasters

Demographic Edition

• Advertisements targeted to demographic groups

• Inserts 

Demographics

Dependent Variable

• Measure of response or outcome

• “effect “ variable

Descriptive Survey

• Document current conditions

• Ex. want to document average time on phone, directly ask individuals, log data

Digital

• When something is digital, it means it has been turned into binary code of 1s and 0s that can be read by computers

• More step-like rather than waves, computed fills in the blanks between steps to connect multiple samples

Digital Culture

• CD, mp3

• Sampling

• Converting a voice into 1s and 0s

• 44.1 khz

• CD “Redbook” for sampling

Disassociation Corollary

a strategy where large corporations present their products as if they are from small, independent, or local companies.

Dismemberment

• Common for a woman to be presented in parts, not the entire body

• Objectifies specific parts of a woman’s body

• Primarily women

• Suggests that women are not whole beings

Dobyera Brothers

• Dobro (1928)

Domination

• Images reproduce the abuse-affection cycle

• The idea that no doesn't mean no, warped consent, women belong to men

Dr. Brinkley

• John Romulus Brinkleu

• KFKB - Milford, Kansas

• Radio personality

• Radio Del Rio - moved to Texas but put his radio transmitter in Mexico so it was not regulated by the government (border radio)

Drive Time

the specific radio and media daypart (usually coinciding with morning and evening rush hours) when commuter listening and viewership reach their daily peak

Early Models for Paying Radio

• Endowment by a “public-spirited citizen”

• Municipal financing

• State financing

• “Common fund” controlled by elected board

• Tax on radio receivers → model that BBC uses

• Levy on sale of radio equipment → RCA would pay for it

• Advertising → far from the most popular option

Edison’s Talking Machine

• 1870s

• Wax cylinder

• Non-duplicable

Edward R. Murrow

• CBS

• Begins in supervisory role in 1935

• Becomes European News Director in 1937

• Short wave transmissions → bring stories together

• CBS “news roundup” → people around the world send things in, then put on broadcast

• D-Day broadcast → live broadcast of the event

Edwin Armstrong

• Credited with discovering FM radio in 1933

• Experiments with RCA to develop it

• Sarnoff’s “sabotage” 

• W2WMN (1939)

  • Experimental 50,000 watt FM station in Alpine, New Jersey

• Sued RCA in 1948

• Lawsuit settles in 1954 after Armstrong’s death

Electrical Telegraph

Electromagnetic Waves

• 1860s-1870s

• Theoretical proof of radio waves

• James Clerk Maxwell

  • Unified theory of electromagnetism

Electronic Culture

the shared way of life, values, and practices shaped by electronic and digital media

Elite Magazines

• The Spectator (1711), Joseph Addison and Richard Steele

Elite → Mass → Specialized

Emergent Culture

• New culture that has ideas outside the dominant culture

• Going to cause problems for the dominant culture

• Ex. grunge culture in the 90s, Gramsci and Williams would predict that the culture would be incorporated

Emile Berliner

• Gramophone

  • 1880s

  • Flat disk

  • Mass production

Erving Goffman’s Gender Advertising

• dismemberment

• clowning

• canting

• domination

Ethnography

participant observation

Experimental Group

• Group exposed to manipulated independent variable

Famous Person Testimonial

Federal Radio Commission

• 5 members appointed by President

• No more than 3 from one political party

• General Order 40 - looked at licenses to see distribution

Fireside Chats

FDR

First Amendment

freedom of press

Focus Groups

• Often used in products and commercials

Folk Music

• John Lomax → drove around the country and recorded people playing their music, telling stories

  • Archive of American Folk Song (1928) established at the Library of Congress

Format Radio

genres of radio

Frederick Douglass

The North Star abolitionist news

Frequency Modulation

• Vary based on the frequency of the wave

General Interst Magazines

• Democratization of education

  • Late 19th century

  • Idea that everyone should go to school lead to rising literacy rates

George Beauchamp

• “Frying pan” (1934)

• Magnetic “pickup”

Glocalization

the practice of adapting global products and services to fit local cultures, laws, and consumer preferences

Gramaphone

• 1880s

• Flat disk

• Mass production

• Emile Berliner

Guglielmo Marconi

• 1890s

• Spark-gap transmitter + telegraph key

• Wireless telegraphy

• British Marconi (1897)

  • Anne Jameson

• American Marconi (1899)

• 1899: wireless telegraph across English Channel

• 1901: send “s” across Atlantic

• 1902: send sentence across the Atlantic

• Distance vs. control

Half-tone

• Photos comprised of small dots put together to create the image

Harold Innis

Harold Lasswell

•  Propaganda Technique in the World War

  • “If the mass will be free from chains of iron, it must accept its chain of silver”

  • We need propaganda on our side of the argument so others don't fall into the bad propaganda

Hegemony

• A process of winning consent: cannot just dominate, actually need to consent of the people to dominate them

• Gramsci

Heinrich Hertz

• Transmission and reception of radio wave

• Spark-gap transmitter

Hidden Fear Appeal

• Specifically targeting a hidden fear that you believe your audience has

Hillbilly Music

• Country music’s original name

• Establishment of the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP, 1914)

• The Carter Family (1920s)

Historical Analysis

• Using primary sources to say something/interpret media from a specific period of time

• How is _____ being understood during this time period?

• Development of a subject during this period

Hock Kultur

high culture

Human-Interest Stories

a feature article or broadcast segment that focuses on ordinary people, their personal experiences, and their emotions rather than hard statistical data or policy

Hyperreality

a condition where media representations, signs, and simulations replace original reality, making the artificial feel more real than the actual world

Hypodermic Needle Model

• Effects of media are automatically injected into the consumer of that media

• Parents typically say this: you watch this, so you act like this

• Model seen as simplistic