Test 2 Anatomy

Os coxae

The pelvic girdle is formed by two

formed by fusion of ilium, ischium, the pubis, and the acetabular bone.

pelvic symphysis

cartilaginous joint which either completely or incompletely ossifies in the adult animal

Clinical note: The pelvis is often fractured in car accidents.

Since the pelvis is a box shape, there are usually two fractures. If one site is fixed, the other will usually return to approximate position.

Ilium

most cranial bone of pelvis

coxofemoral or hip joint

acetabulum articulates with femoral head

sacroiliac joint

ilium articulates cranially with sacrum

wing of ilium

body of ilium

iliac crest

greater ischiatic notch

tuber sacrale

tuber coxae

tuberosity of rectus femoris

??

What bone can be used to obtain a bone marrow sample

iliac crest/dorsal iliac spine

Body of ischium

??

forms lesser ishciatic notch

ischiatic tuberosity

Clinical note: What can be easily palpated in dogs and is a common site for pressure sores

ischiatic tuberosity & tuber coxae

Obturator foramen

occupied by internal and external obturator mm.

ischiatic arch

body of pubis

??

Pubic tubercle

formed by prominences on the cranial border of the right and left bodies on the midline form the pubic tubercle

Pecten

the cranial border of the body lateral to the pubic tubercle is the pecten, which abdominal muscles attach by prepubic tendon.

Iliopubic eminence

pectinius m, attaches here

Pelvic symphysis

Clinical note: the pelvic symphysis can often be separated during trauma and is usually accompanied by sacroiliac luxation.

Acetebulum

acetabular fossa

ligament of the head of the femur attaches here

The transverse acetebular ligament join what

two sides of the acetabular notch

What is hip dysplasia

abnormal shallowness of the acetabulum & causes coxofemoral joint to become unstable and arthritic

Cat pelvis’ are what shaped compared to the dog’s being flared

box shaped

femur

femoral head

fovea of the femoral head

ligament of the femoral head

??

neck of femur

greater trochanter of femur

trochanteric fossa

ridge of bone that forms caudolateral border of the fossa is the intertrochanteric crest

lesser trochanter

third trochanter

attachment site for superficial gluteal m

Clinical note: What part of the femur can be used for a bone marrow sample

proximal end of femur or trochanteric fossa

What part of the femur is used as a landmark for a surgical approach to the hip, detecting craniodorsal luxation of the hip and placement of a IM pin

greater trochanter of femur

body of the femur

??

medial & lateral condyles of femur

intercondylar fossa of femur

medial and lateral epicondyles of femur

supracondylar tuberoisities of femur

??

medial and lateral trochlear ridges of femur

trochlea of femur

patella

large sesamoid bone in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle

extensor fossa of femur

depression where lateral lip of trochlea and lateral condyle meet

OCD lesions may affect what

lateral condyle of femur

medial and lateral condyles of tibia

extensor groove of tibia

intercondylar eminence of tibia

caudal intercondylar area of tibia

cranial intercondylar area

cranial border of tibia

tibial tuberosity

??

patellar ligament

Clinical note: what is easily palpable and a good landmark for surgery

tibial tuberosity

medial malleolus

distal tibia

lateral malleolus of fibula

The pes includes

tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges

talus, calcaneus, central tarsal bone, tarsal bones I-IV

trochlea of talus

tarsocrural joint

tuber calcanei

sustentaculum tali

fascia lata

3

superficial gluteal m.

8

attachments: sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament and third trochanter of the femur

action: extend the hip; minor abduct the limb

blood: Cd. gluteal a.

nerve: Cd. gluteal n.

sacrotuberous ligament

middle gluteal m.

7

attachments: crest, gluteal surface of the ilium and greater trochanter

action: extend the hip and abduction

blood: Cr. gluteal a.

nerve: Cr. gluteal n.

piriformis m.

?

deep gluteal m.

attachments: body of the ilium, ischiatic spine, and greater trochanter

action: extend and abduct the hip

blood: Cr. gluteal a.

nerve: Cr. gluteal n.

gluteofemoralis m. (CAT ONLY)

attachments: caudal vertebrae 2-4 and terminates in fascia lata

action: abduct the hip or move tail laterally

Cats __ have a sacrotuberous ligament

DO NOT

biceps femoris m.

5

attachments: sacrotuberous ligament and ischiatic tuberosity; patellar ligament and tibial tuberosity/body; tuber calcanei

action: extend the hip, stifle, and hock ; flex the stifle- caudal part

blood: deep femoral a.

nerve: sciatic n.

popliteal lymph node

?

sciatic nerve

?

Clinical Note: What is superficially located and should be easily palpated on physical exams

popliteal lymph node

semitendinosus m.

6

attachments: ischiatic tuberosity; medial tibia and tubercalcanei

action: extend the hip and tarsus; flex the stifle

blood: deep femoral a.

nerve: sciatic n.

semimembranosus m.

attachments: ischaitic tuberosity; medial condyle of femur and tibia

action: extend the hip & stifle (can also flex stifle)

blood: deep femoral a.

nerve: sciatic n.

Clinical note: What muscle is very commonly used to give IM injections

caudal muscles of the thigh

sartorius m.

attachments: iliac crest; cranial border of the tibia

actions: flex the hip and stifle; can also extend the stifle

blood: lateral circumflex femoral a.

nerve: femoral n.

pectineus m.

attachments: iliopubic eminence & caudomedial aspect of femur

actions: adduct the limb

blood: deep femoral a.

nerve: obturator n.

femoral triangle

bounded cranially by the sartorius m. and caudally by pectineus & adductor mm.

gracilis m.

1

attachments: pelvic symphysis; cranial tibia and tuber calcanei

action: adduct the limb, extend the hip and the tarsal joints; flex stifle

blood: deep femoral a.

nerve: obturator n.

adductor m.

2

attachments: pelvic symphysis & ventral pubis; caudal (medial) aspect of femur

actions: adduct the limb & extend the hip

blood: deep femoral a.

nerve: obturator n.

iliopsoas m.

attachments: lumbar vertebrae, cranioventral ilium, & lesser trochanter of femur

action: flex the hip and lumbar vertebral column

clinical note: what is a common injury in agility dogs causing hind limb lameness but often goes undiagnosed

iliopsoas injury

tensor fasciae latae m.

6

attachments: tuber coxae, patellar ligament/tibial tuberosity by way of fascia

actions: tense the lateral femoral fascia; flex the hip and extend the stifle

blood: lateral circumflex femoral a.

nerve: Cr. gluteal n.

quadriceps femoris m.

4 heads: rectus femoris m, vastus lateralis m, vastus medialis m, vastus intermedius m

attachments:

• rectus femoris: tuberosity for the rectus femoris m to tibial tuberosity

• vastus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius mm: proximal femur to tibial tuberosity

• action: extend the stifle; the rectus femoris m also flexes the hip

• blood: lateral circumflex femoral a.

• nerve: femoral n.

patella

large sesamoid bone, embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris m. as it crosses the trochlea of femur

patellar ligament

extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity

Clinical note: What muscle is the primary extensor of the stifle joint & must be functional for the animal to bear weight? What key nerve is it innervated by?

quadricpes femoris m.

femoral n.

muscle also commonly used to give IM injections

lateral saphenous vein

crural extensor retinaculum

3

cranial tibial m.

5

attachments: cranial border of the tibia and proximal MT I & II

action: flex the tarsus

blood: cranial tibial a.

nerve: common fibular n.

long digital extensor m.

6

attachments: extensor fossa of the femur and distal phalanges of the weight bearing digits (II-V)

actions: flex the tarsus; extend digits II-V

blood: cranial tibial a.

Nerve: common fibular n.

fibularis longus m.

7

attachments: lateral condyle of the tibia, fibular head; plantat aspect of the proximal ends of MT II-V

action: flex tarsus

blood: cranial tibial a.

nerve: common fibular n.

Clinical note: The term fibular/is is also commonly referred to as

peroneal/us clinically

therefore: fibularis longus m is peroneal longus m

fibular n. is the same as peroneal n.