Logic Flashcards

Challenge 1 Semester 1 Logic Vocab

What is logic?

The science of right thinking.

What are the two main branches of logic?

Formal (or minor) logic is interested in the form or structure of an argument.Material (or major) logic is concerned with the content of an argument.

What is validity in the study of logic?

an argument is valid when its conclusion follows logically from its premises.

What is truth in the study of logic?

Truth is the correspondence of a statement to reality.

What is soundness in the study of logic?

An argument is sound when it's both true and valid. 

What is simple apprehension?

The act by which the mind grasps the concept or general meaning of an object without affirming or denying anything about it. 

What is sense perception?

The act of seeing or hearing or smelling or tasting or touching.

What three things occur during simple apprehension?

1, we perceive a thing with our senses 2, We have a mental image of the thing 3, we conceive the meaning of the thing.

How is a mental image different from a concept?

A mental image is representative of a particular thing. Grasping a concept involves understanding univeral meaning, or the essence of the thing.

What is a mental image?

The image that forms in your mind after perceiving it with your senses. 

What is abstraction?

the process by which a simple apprehension is derived from a sense perception and mental image

What are the two properties of simple apprehension?

Comprehension and extension.

What is comprehension?

The essence of a thing. A completely and articulated sum of intelligeble aspects, or elements (notes) represented by a concept.

What is extension?

The thing to which the essence applies.

What is a term?

A word or group of words which verbally express a concept.

What are the two properties of a term?

Signification and supposition.

What three ways can terms be divided according to their signifiication?

univocal terms, equivocal terms, and analogous terms. 

What is an univocal term?

A term that has exactly the same meaning no matter when or how it is used. 

What are equivocal terms?

Terms that have entirely different and unrelated meanings, even though they are spelled and pronounced alike. 

What are analogous terms?

Terms that are applied to different things but have related meanings. Examples: “set of wheels”. 

What three ways can terms be divided according to their supposition?

verbal existence (material supposition), mental existence (logical supposition), and real existence (real supposition). 

What is material supposition?

Terms exist verbally.

What is logical supposition?

Terms refer to something as it exists logically

What is real supposition?

Terms refer to something as it exists in the real world. 

What is judgement?

The act by which the intellect unites by affirming or separates by denying. The mental act whose verbal expression is a proposition.

What is a proposition?

A sentence or statement that expresses truth or falsity.

What are the parts of a proposition?

subject-term, predicate-term, and copula (form of to be)

What is the logical form of a sentence?

the form which a sentence must be in, in order to be handled logically. It must contain a subject-term (noun), copula (is, am, are), and predicate-term (noun).

What are the four basic categorical propositions in logic?

A: All S is P I: Some S is P E: No S is P O: Some S is not P

What purpose do the qualifiers (all, some, no, and some….not) serve in categorical propositions?

Quantifiers show both the quality and quantity of a proposition.

What are the two qualities of propositions?

Affirmative – affirms the subject (A and I statements) Negative – negates the subject (E and O statements)

What are the two quantities of propositions?

Universal – says something about all members of the class referred to by the subject (A and E statements) Particular – says something only about some members of the class referred to by the subject (I and O statements)

What four ways can the A, I, E, and O statements be related in opposition?

contradictory, contrary, subcontrary, and subalternate

What is the Rule of Contradiction and which pair(s) of statements are contradictory?

Contradictory statements are statements that differ in both quality and quantity. A and O statements and E and I statements are contradictory

What is the First Law of Opposition?

Contrary statements are both universals but differ in quality. A and E statements are contrary

What is the Rule of Contraries and which pair(s) of statements are contrary?

What is the Second Law of Opposition?

What is the Rule of Subcontraries and which pair(s) of statements are subcontrary?

What is the Third Law of Opposition?

What is the Rule of Subalterns and which pair(s) of statements are subalterns?